Raman Spectrum of Graphite

Tuinstra, F.; Koenig, Jack L.

doi:10.1063/1.1674108

Cited by 9,679 publications

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“…Raman spectra (Figure 3) of hvAb and anthracite films at several annealing temperatures provide insight into the changes in the carbon bonding structure. Above 450°C, the ratio of peak heights of the D and G Raman bands (I D /I G ) steadily increases indicating increasing sp 2 cluster size in the 0.5 to 2 nm regime (Figure 3e) as shown previously in a-C, 32,33 graphite, 34 and graphene. 35,36 There is also a progressive decrease in the intensity of the D shoulder band from 1150 to 1300 cm −1 (Figure 3b,d) that corresponds to decreasing aliphatics.…”

Section: * S Supporting Informationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Rethinking Coal: Thin Films of Solution Processed Natural Carbon Nanoparticles for Electronic Devices

2016

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Disordered carbon materials, both amorphous and with long-range order, have been used in a variety of applications, from conductive additives and contact materials to transistors and photovoltaics. Here we show a flexible solution-based method of preparing thin films with tunable electrical properties from suspensions of ball-milled coals following centrifugation. The as-prepared films retain the rich carbon chemistry of the starting coals with conductivities ranging over orders of magnitude, and thermal treatment of the resulting films further tunes the electrical conductivity in excess of 7 orders of magnitude. Optical absorption measurements demonstrate tunable optical gaps from 0 to 1.8 eV. Through low-temperature conductivity measurements and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrate that variable range hopping controls the electrical properties in as-prepared and thermally treated films and that annealing increases the sp 2 content, localization length, and disorder. The measured hopping energies demonstrate electronic properties similar to amorphous carbon materials and reduced graphene oxide. Finally, Joule heating devices were fabricated from coal-based films, and temperatures as high as 285°C with excellent stability were achieved. KEYWORDS: Coal, amorphous carbon, organic semiconductors, thin films, solution processing C arbon has long been known as one of the most chemically versatile elements. As a result, carbonaceous materials have been of technological interest for their wide range of electronic propertiesresulting in materials ranging from low cost conducting materials such as graphite and carbon black, to semiconducting fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, and to insulating diamond and diamond-like carbon. Specifically, carbon black, carbon filaments, and other carbon materials are used in electrodes, conductivity additives, and electromagnetic reflectors. 1 Graphitic materials 2 and amorphous carbon (a-C) 3,4 are the leading and a promising candidate, respectively, for anode materials in lithium ion batteries. Amorphous carbon has also been used in the manufacturing of transistors 5,6 and photovoltaic devices, 7,8 and nanostructured graphitic materials (such as graphene and reduced graphene oxide) have gained significant attention for applications including in photovoltaics, 9−11 transparent conductive membranes, 12−16 and Joule heating devices. 17−19 Despite decades of research on synthetically processed carbon materials, facile, tunable, 20 low-temperature, solution processing methods remain elusive. Carbon black synthesis requires temperatures as high as 2000°C, 21 and a-C is typically deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 22,23 although aerosol-assisted CVD has recently been demonstrated. 8 While extensive research has been conducted to develop solution-based methods of graphene deposition, rGO films remain several orders of magnitude less conductive than CVD graphene. 16,24,25 In contrast to the widely studied world of synthetic carbonaceous materials, the optical...

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Section: * S Supporting Informationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Rethinking Coal: Thin Films of Solution Processed Natural Carbon Nanoparticles for Electronic Devices

2016

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“…25,26 This is known as the Tuinstra and Koenig relation (TK). TK holds until a critical defect density.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The D peak is due to the breathing modes of sp 2 rings and requires a defect for its activation. 24,25,36 It comes from TO phonons around K, 24,25 is active by double resonance (DR), 36 and is strongly dispersive with excitation energy due to a Kohn Anomaly at K. 37 The 2D peak is the second order of the www.acsnano.org D peak. This is a single band in monolayer graphene, whereas it splits in four in bilayer graphene, reflecting the evolution of the band structure.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Making Graphene Luminescent by Oxygen Plasma Treatment

et al. 2009

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“…10 Raman Spectroscopy and BET Measurement. On the basis of the pioneering work of Tuinstra et al, 15 the Raman spectrum for CM was acquired and compared to that of commercial graphite. CM exhibited three major Raman peaks, as commonly observed for carbon nanotubes and other carbon materials, i.e., the sp 3 and sp 2 carbon phases coexisting in the sample ( Figure 3A).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption and Desorption of Methylene Blue on Porous Carbon Monoliths and Nanocrystalline Cellulose

Male

Nesterenko

et al. 2013

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

334

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/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. For the publisher's version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l'éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am403222u ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 5, 17, pp. 8796-8804, 2013-08-09 Adsorption and desorption of Methylene blue on porous Carbon monoliths and nanocrystalline cellulose He, Xiaoyun; Male, Keith B.; Nesterenko, Pavel N.; Brabazon, Dermot; Paull, Brett; Luong, John H. T. ABSTRACT:The dynamic batch adsorption of methylene blue (MB), a widely used and toxic dye, onto nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and crushed powder of carbon monolith (CM) was investigated using the pseudo-first-and -second-order kinetics. CM outperformed NCC with a maximum capacity of 127 mg/g compared to 101 mg/g for NCC. The Langmuir isotherm model was applicable for describing the binding data for MB on CM and NCC, indicating the homogeneous surface of these two materials. The Gibbs free energy of −15.22 kJ/mol estimated for CM unravelled the spontaneous nature of this adsorbent for MB, appreciably faster than the use of NCC (−4.47 kJ/mol). Both pH and temperature exhibited only a modest effect on the adsorption of MB onto CM. The desorption of MB from CM using acetonitrile was very effective with more than 94 % of MB desorbed from CM within 10 min to allow the reusability of this porous carbon material. In contrast, acetonitrile was less effective than ethanol in desorbing MB from NCC. The two solvents were incapable of completely desorbing MB on commercial granular coal-derived activated carbon.

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Raman Spectrum of Graphite

Cited by 9,679 publications

References 7 publications

Rethinking Coal: Thin Films of Solution Processed Natural Carbon Nanoparticles for Electronic Devices

Rethinking Coal: Thin Films of Solution Processed Natural Carbon Nanoparticles for Electronic Devices

Making Graphene Luminescent by Oxygen Plasma Treatment

Adsorption and Desorption of Methylene Blue on Porous Carbon Monoliths and Nanocrystalline Cellulose

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