Raman spectroscopy and TEM characterization of solid particulate matter emitted from soot generators and aircraft turbine engines

Saffaripour, Meghdad; Tay, Li‐Lin; Thomson, Kevin A.; Smallwood, Gregory J.; Brem, Benjamin T.; Ďurdina, Lukáš; Johnson, Mark P.

doi:10.1080/02786826.2016.1274368

Cited by 63 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…3/ In conclusion, the nanoscale properties of MiniCAST soot emitted under nearstoichiometric and fuel-rich conditions are different from those of aircraft soot at high engine regimes ( ≥70% F00). A better agreement is found with MiniCAST soot generated under fuellean conditions, in line with the recent study of Saffaripour et al [33]. However, differences are highlighted when using characterization techniques providing an extremely accurate description of the nanostructure and the chemical composition of soot, which makes the validation of an analogue very constraining, as in the present work.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…These bands are . Figure 9a shows that MiniCAST soot having high OC/TCs (CAST2, CAST3) has larger aggregates and larger primary particles, in agreement with previous works [24,27,33]. CAST4…”

Section: Xps Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This strongly impacts the optical properties, especially the scattering component [30], and in this regard CAST1 is not a relevant analogue. Conversely, MiniCAST soot produced under fuel-rich conditions (CAST2 and CAST3) are the farthest from aircraft soot in terms of aggregate size, primary particle diameters and crystallite length, which is not surprising since aircraft soot are produced under fuel-lean conditions [33]. Figure 9a also indicates that the spectroscopic [OC/TC*] bulk values follow the same trend than the thermal-optical OC/TC ratios.…”

Section: Infrared Absorption Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 81%

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Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Marhaba

Ferry

Laffon

et al. 2019

Combustion and Flame

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) have been used to compare the nanoscale characteristics of aircraft soot collected at the exhaust of a recent PowerJet SaM146 jet engine, with those of soot generated by a MiniCAST burner. Analyses show that some MiniCAST operating conditions enable generating soot particles of morphology, internal nano-structure and chemical structure close to those of aircraft soot. However, MiniCAST soot have gyration diameters systematically larger compared to aircraft soot. Provided that this imperfect agreement is not critical for the studied properties, MiniCAST soot might be used as a relevant analogue of aircraft soot for studying some of their physical or chemical properties, offering a convenient and affordable way to conduct laboratory studies on the environmental impacts of aviation emitted particles.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Xps Spectroscopysupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Infrared Absorption Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 81%

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Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Marhaba

Ferry

Laffon

et al. 2019

Combustion and Flame

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“…Calculated carbon masses and uncertainties for four example datasets are detailed in Table 4; these data are sourced from measurements of carbonaceous emissions from hydrocarbon flames 27,29 , gas turbines 29 , and fine-mode (< 2 μm) carbonaceous particles obtained from subocean sediment samples 30 . Computed (MC-average) OC, EC, and TC masses are shown in Table 4 alongside the computed critical attenuation decline and the EC/TC ratio for each dataset, showing the breadth of the example data in the context of sampled carbon composition.…”

Section: Considered Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 4: Uncertainties in data analysis. Contribution to uncertainty in OCEC-measured carbon masses for four example datasets from a broad range of sources and performed by different laboratories 27,29,30 . (a) Key numerical results from the example datasets: OC, EC, and TC masses, critical attenuation decline for the quantification of split point uncertainty, and elemental-to-total carbon ratio.…”

Section: Considered Uncertaintiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

Conrad

Johnson

2019

JoVE

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Researchers from myriad fields frequently seek to quantify and classify concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols as organic carbon (OC) or elemental carbon (EC). This is commonly accomplished using thermal-optical OC/EC analyzers (TOAs), which enable measurement via controlled thermal pyrolysis and oxidation under specific temperature protocols and within constrained atmospheres. Several commercial TOAs exist, including a semi-continuous instrument that enables on-line analyses in the field. This instrument employs an in-test calibration procedure that requires relatively frequent calibration. This article details a calibration protocol for this semi-continuous TOA and presents an open-source software tool for data analysis and rigorous Monte Carlo quantification of uncertainties. Notably, the software tool includes novel means to correct for instrument drift and identify and quantify the uncertainty in the OC/EC split point. This is a significant improvement on the uncertainty estimation in the manufacturer's software, which ignores split point uncertainty and otherwise uses fixed equations for relative and absolute errors (generally leading to underestimated uncertainties and often yielding non-physical results as demonstrated in several example data sets). The demonstrated calibration protocol and new software tool enabling accurate quantification of combined uncertainties from calibration, repeatability, and OC/EC split point are shared with the intent of assisting other researchers in achieving better measurements of OC, EC, and total carbon mass in aerosol samples. Video Link The video component of this article can be found at https://www.jove.com/video/59742/ 1) have been suggested to be the key component of PM responsible for adverse health effects and outcomes 2,3,4. Particulate carbon in the atmosphere is a critical climate pollutant, where different carbonaceous species are known to have variable, even opposite, impacts. Black carbon is potentially the second strongest direct radiative forcer in the earth's atmosphere 5,6,7,8. When deposited on snow and ice, black carbon also reduces the reflectivity of the arctic landscape, enhancing the absorption of sunlight, and increasing the rate of melt 9,10,11,12. Contrastingly, hygroscopic organic carbon particles act as cloud condensation nuclei, increasing the mean reflectivity of earth, and causing a cooling effect 13. Accurate classification of sampled carbonaceous material and concurrent quantification of measurement uncertainties are thus essential aspects of particulate matter measurements. Differentiating between organic and elemental carbon in a particulate-laden sample can be achieved using a thermal-optical analysis 14. Commercial, laboratory-based systems for thermal-optical carbon analyses have been created 15,16,17 including an on-line, semi-continuous analyzer 18 that enables the execution of thermal-optical analyses in the field. The present work describes a detailed procedure for calibrating this latter OCEC instrument (see Table of Materials) ...

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Study on the Structure Characteristics of Diesel Engine Particulates Based on Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering

Zhong

Liu

2019

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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In this article, the particulates formed by the combustion of diesel, 20% and 50% biodiesel blended in diesel (denoted as B20 and B50, respectively), and biodiesel were collected. The micromorphologies of the particulates were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the small‐angle X‐ray scattering technique was used to analyze the gyration radius, size distribution, interfacial characteristics, and fractal characteristics of the particulates. The results show that the size of the particulates formed by combustion of the fuels was concentrated between 10 and 35 nm and obeyed a Gaussian distribution. Moreover, the addition of biodiesel to diesel led to smaller particulate sizes for the biodiesel/diesel blend: the mean radii of the particulates for diesel, B20, B50, and biodiesel were 11.5 nm, 10.8 nm, 10.2 nm, and 9.7 nm, respectively. In addition, an interfacial layer was observed between the particulates, and the average interfacial thickness of the particulates was between 1.54 and 1.89 nm. The mass fractal dimension of the particulates was between 0.2 and 2.5, and the surface fractal dimension of the particulates was between 2.1 and 2.9. The addition of biodiesel to diesel resulted in a more compact particulate structure and the rougher surface. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019

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Raman spectroscopy and TEM characterization of solid particulate matter emitted from soot generators and aircraft turbine engines

Cited by 63 publications

References 55 publications

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Aircraft and MiniCAST soot at the nanoscale

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

Study on the Structure Characteristics of Diesel Engine Particulates Based on Small‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering

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