Raman scattering efficiency of graphene

Klar, Philipp; Lidorikis, Elefterios; Eckmann, Axel; Verzhbitskiy, Ivan; Ferrari, Andrea C.; Casiraghi, Cinzia

doi:10.1103/physrevb.87.205435

Cited by 93 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(185 reference statements)

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“…First, it provides some interference-based enhancement in the SLG absorption [84][85][86][87]. Fig.12a plots the exposed SLG absorption for the system described in Fig.1 on top of a 300nm SiO 2 /Si substrate.…”

Section: Sio2/si Substrate Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

et al. 2015

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The combination of plasmonic nanoparticles and graphene enhances the responsivity and spectral selectivity of graphene-based photodetectors. However, the small area of the metal-graphene junction, where the induced electron-hole pairs separate, limits the photoactive region to sub-micron length scales. Here, we couple graphene with a plasmonic grating and exploit the resulting surface plasmon polaritons to deliver the collected photons to the junction region of a metal-graphenemetal photodetector. This results into a 400% enhancement of responsivity and a 1000% increase in photoactive length, combined with tunable spectral selectivity. The interference between surface plasmon polaritons and the incident wave introduces new functionalities, such as light flux attraction or repulsion from the contact edges, enabling the tailored design of the photodetector's spectral response. This architecture can also be used for surface plasmon bio-sensing with direct-electricreadout, eliminating the need of complicated optics.Graphene-based photodetectors (PDs) [1,2] have been reported with ultra-fast operating speeds (up to 262GHz from the measured intrinsic response time of graphene carriers [3]) and broadband operation from the visible and infrared [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] up to the THz [17][18][19]. The simplest graphene-based photodetection scheme relies on the metal-graphene-metal (MGM) architecture [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22], where the photoresponse is due to a combination of photo-thermoelectric and photovoltaic effects [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22]. For both mechanisms, the presence of a junction is required to spatially separate excited electronhole (e-h) pairs [5,7,8,11,[20][21][22]. At the metal-graphene junction, a work-function difference causes charge transfer and a shift of the graphene Fermi level underneath the contact [4,5,7,23], compared to that of graphene away from the contact [4,5,7,23], resulting into a build-up of an internal electric field (photovoltaic mechanism) [5,7,24,25] and into a difference of Seebeck coefficients (photo-thermoelectric mechanism) [11,21,26]. An alternative way to create a junction is to use a set of gate electrodes to electrostatically dope graphene [8,11].

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Section: Sio2/si Substrate Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

et al. 2015

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“…It is important to mention that this value is based on the CS value of monolayer graphene in Ref. [19] , which is given without an estimate of the uncertainty. Considering the numbers of atoms in a 0.6 μm long SWCNT of 1.3 ± 0.2 nm diameter (~92 000 atoms) and in a 1 μm 2 piece of graphene (~3.8 × 10 7 atoms), one can deduce from the data that the CS per atom of a SWCNT in resonance is roughly 990 times higher than that of graphene.…”

Section: Examples Of Structural Analysis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[19] This procedure gives a value of dσ CNT /dΘ = (6 ± 3) × 10 À21 cm 2 sr À1 for the G band of one SWCNT having a length of 0.6 ± 0.1 μm. It is important to mention that this value is based on the CS value of monolayer graphene in Ref.…”

Section: Examples Of Structural Analysis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is achieved by peak fitting followed by integrating the area under the Raman peak considered. The Raman efficiency, dS/dΘ [cm À1 sr À1 ], is directly deduced from this ratio A/A * using the expression [19,39] :…”

Section: Examples Of Structural Analysis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Raman spectroscopy and imaging of various nanomaterials at submicron resolution are nevertheless possible due to the presence of strong optical resonances, which provide access to Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. For instance, the Raman efficiencies of a carbon nanotube [18] and graphene [19] provide signal levels that are sufficient to image the local structures even using diffraction limited laser spots. [20,21] To get a good signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), the acquisition of the Raman image of a single nanostructure can take up to thousands of seconds compared to milliseconds for fluorescence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Hyperspectral Raman imaging using Bragg tunable filters of graphene and other low‐dimensional materials

Gaufrès

Marcet

Aymong

et al. 2017

J Raman Spectroscopy

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imaging is presented as a powerful method to acquire quantitative as well as qualitative information on lowdimensional materials. The method is, however, not widely used due to limitations of the Raman scanning instruments. Here we present a hyperspectral Raman system based on Bragg tunable filtering that is capable of global imaging with significantly reduced acquisition time and improved sensitivity compared to scanning confocal Raman microscopes. The operation principles of the instrument are presented, and the performance is benchmarked using a calibrated carbon nanotube sample. Examples of various applications are shown to illustrate the abilities of the technique to characterize samples deposited on oxidized silicon substrates, including graphene stacks prepared by chemical-vapor deposition, exfoliated MoS 2 , and carbon nanotubes filled with dye molecules. The wealth of information available through this hyperspectral Raman imaging technique opens many new ways to probe the properties of complex low-dimensional materials.

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Strain, Bubbles, Dirt, and Folds: A Study of Graphene Polymer‐Assisted Transfer

Hallam

Berner

Yim

et al. 2014

Adv Materials Inter

103

114

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For many applications, in particular in electronics, where chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene is used, it needs to be transferred from the growth substrate to the device substrate, generally employing a polymer film as a support layer. This process step is crucial for the overall integrity and electronic performance of the graphene. In this work we will investigate the effects of the transfer using various polymers with atomic force, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy combined with field dependent transport measurements to build up a complete picture regarding the morphology, structural integrity and electrical performance of CVD graphene. Further, we introduce nitrocellulose based polymer alternatives to the most commonly used poly(methyl methacrylate) resist, outperforming the latter in most respects.

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Raman scattering efficiency of graphene

Cited by 93 publications

References 107 publications

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

Hyperspectral Raman imaging using Bragg tunable filters of graphene and other low‐dimensional materials

Strain, Bubbles, Dirt, and Folds: A Study of Graphene Polymer‐Assisted Transfer

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