Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

Echtermeyer, T. J.; Milana, Silvia; Sassi, Ugo; Eiden, Anna; Wu, Margaret; Lidorikis, Elefterios; Ferrari, Andrea C.

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02051

Cited by 167 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 94 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

101

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This feature constitutes a major improvement over conventional metalbased plasmonics [1,7] (where tunability is usually limited by the geometry and composition of the system, and therefore it is fixed), and constitutes a sought-after characteristic for active nanophotonic devices and/or circuitry based on graphene plasmons. Indeed, a plethora of proof-of-concept, application-oriented experiments have already demonstrated the capabilities of GSPs to deliver extremely sensitive biochemical sensors [26][27][28][29][30], surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) [31][32][33][34][35][36], polarizers [37,38], optical modulators [39][40][41][42], and photodetectors [43][44][45][46][47].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the excitation of graphene plasmons in periodic grids of graphene ribbons: An analytical approach

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We study electromagnetic scattering and subsequent plasmonic excitations in periodic grids of graphene ribbons. To address this problem, we develop an analytical method to describe the plasmon-assisted absorption of electromagnetic radiation by a periodic structure of graphene ribbons forming a diffraction grating for THz and mid-IR light. The major advantage of this method lies in its ability to accurately describe the excitation of graphene surface plasmons (GSPs) in one-dimensional (1D) graphene gratings without the use of both time-consuming, and computationally demanding full-wave numerical simulations. We thus provide analytical expressions for the reflectance, transmittance, and plasmon-enhanced absorbance spectra, which can be readily evaluated using any personal computer with little to no programming. We also introduce a semianalytical method to benchmark our previous results and further compare the theoretical data with spectra taken from experiments, for which we observe a very good agreement. These theoretical tools may therefore be applied to design new experiments and cutting-edge nanophotonic devices based on graphene plasmonics.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the excitation of graphene plasmons in periodic grids of graphene ribbons: An analytical approach

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…56 However, experiments in combination with theoretical calculations demonstrate that SPPs cannot be excited on a flat metal contact. 56 Thus, plasmonic effects cannot explain the observed photovoltage angular dependence.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photothermoelectric and Photoelectric Contributions to Light Detection in Metal–Graphene–Metal Photodetectors

et al. 2014

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Graphene's high mobility and Fermi velocity, combined with its constant light absorption in the visible to far-infrared range, make it an ideal material to fabricate high-speed and ultrabroadband photodetectors. However, the precise mechanism of photodetection is still debated. Here, we report wavelength and polarization-dependent measurements of metal−graphene−metal photodetectors. This allows us to quantify and control the relative contributions of both photothermo-and photoelectric effects, both adding to the overall photoresponse. This paves the way for a more efficient photodetector design for ultrafast operating speeds.KEYWORDS: Graphene, photodetectors, Raman spectroscopy, photoresponse, optoelectronics T he unique optical and electronic properties of graphene make it ideal for photonics and optoelectronics. 1 A variety of prototype devices have already been demonstrated, such as transparent electrodes in displays 2 and photovoltaic modules, 3 optical modulators, 4 plasmonic devices, 4−9 microcavities, 10,11 and ultrafast lasers. 12 Among these, a significant effort is being devoted to photodetectors (PDs). 6,10,11,13−25 Various photodetection schemes and architectures have been proposed to date. The simplest configuration is the metal− graphene−metal (MGM) PD, in which graphene is contacted with metal electrodes as the source and drain. 13−18 These PDs can be combined with metal nanostructures enabling local surface plasmons and increased absorption, realizing an enhancement in responsivity (i.e., the ratio of the lightgenerated electrical current to the incident light power). 6,26 Microcavity based PDs were also used, with increased light absorption at the cavity resonance frequency, again achieving an increase in responsivity. 10,11 Another scheme is the integration of graphene with a waveguide to increase the effective interaction length with light. 25,27 Hybrid approaches employ semiconducting nanodots as light-absorbing media. 22 In this case, light excites electron−hole (e−h) pairs in the nanodots; the electrons are trapped in the nanodot, while the holes are transferred to graphene, thus effectively gating it. 22 Under applied drain−source bias, this results in a shift in the Dirac point, thus a modulation of the drain−source current. 22 Due to the long trapping time of the electrons within the dot, the transferred holes can cycle many times through the phototransistor before relaxation and e−h recombination. This gives a photoconductive gain; i.e., one absorbed photon effectively results in an electrical current of several electrons. Responsivities >10 7 A/W were reported, 22 but with a millisecond time scale, not suitable for, e.g., high-speed optical communications. Devices were also fabricated for detection of THz light. 28,29 In this low energy range, Pauli blocking forbids the direct excitation of e−h pairs due to finite doping. Instead, an antenna coupled to source and gate of the device excites plasma waves within the channel. These are rectified, leading to a detectable dc out...

show abstract

“…Spectra in mid-infrared are particularly desirable in various fields such as environmental monitoring, chemical sensing and astronomical detecting, because fingerprints of many materials fall in this spectral region5678910111213141516. A typical infrared spectrometer consists of a filter and a detector.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A graphene-based Fabry-Pérot spectrometer in mid-infrared region

Wang

Chen

Pan

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mid-infrared spectroscopy is of great importance in many areas and its integration with thin-film technology can economically enrich the functionalities of many existing devices. In this paper we propose a graphene-based ultra-compact spectrometer (several micrometers in size) that is compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) processing. The proposed structure uses a monolayer graphene as a mid-infrared surface waveguide, whose optical response is spatially modulated using electric fields to form a Fabry-Pérot cavity. By varying the voltage acting on the cavity, we can control the transmitted wavelength of the spectrometer at room temperature. This design has potential applications in the graphene-silicon-based optoelectronic devices as it offers new possibilities for developing new ultra-compact spectrometers and low-cost hyperspectral imaging sensors in mid-infrared region.

show abstract

Surface Plasmon Polariton Graphene Photodetectors

Cited by 167 publications

References 94 publications

Modeling the excitation of graphene plasmons in periodic grids of graphene ribbons: An analytical approach

Modeling the excitation of graphene plasmons in periodic grids of graphene ribbons: An analytical approach

Photothermoelectric and Photoelectric Contributions to Light Detection in Metal–Graphene–Metal Photodetectors

A graphene-based Fabry-Pérot spectrometer in mid-infrared region

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About