Radioactivity and dose assessment of heavy radioactive pollution, radon and radium from water sources of 3 northern regions in Iran

Detection and measurement of radioactive substances in water and food: a narrative review

“…In this method, the concentration of radon and radium in water samples is directly measured through the chamber (Sahin et al ., 2013 ). The tool detector is a scintillation cell coated with silver-activated zinc sulfide [ZNS (Ag)] with a volume of 1830 cm 3 (Binesh et al , 2011 ), indicating the radon activity in m 3 of water by counting the a-particles emitted from radon and its daughter nuclei. The PRASSI pump circuit operates at 3 L/min for gas sealing (Binesh et al , 2012 ).…”

“…The PRASSI pump circuit operates at 3 L/min for gas sealing (Binesh et al , 2012 ). The sensitivity of this system is 4 Bq/m 3 in a continuous state for one hour (Binesh et al , 2011 ).…”

“…A short plastic hose connects the plastic can to the faucet for sampling. After a few minutes, the water sample is collected in the canal by decreasing the water flow rate (Binesh et al , 2011 ). Water sampling from external sources (other than the faucet) is performed under reverse pressure from a 25-cm depth of water because the water movement allows radon loss to be high.…”

Assessment of Age-Dependent Effective Dose and Toxicity Risks of 226Ra and 228Ra In River Water Samples In Ondo State. Nigeria

“…Hence it is in the skeleton that the animal ingesting 226 Ra would have the greatest body burden. After ingestion, about 80 to 85% of radium is promptly expelled from the body through faeces while the rest 15 to 20% enters the blood stream and is transported to all parts of the body and is deposited on bone surfaces [8]. The radium deposits on bone surfaces are eventually covered by new deposits and old deposits penetrate deeper into the bone, where it builds up in growing bones and remains in the skeleton for a long time where it can cause bone cancer.…”

“…It exists in four naturally occurring isotopes 223 Ra , 224 Ra, 226 Ra and 228 Ra. Many studies have been conducted on the occurrence and levels of 224 Ra, 226 Ra and 228 Ra in drinking water [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. While radium-223 is a decay product of 235 U ( a rare uranium isotope), 224 Ra and 228 Ra originate from the decay of 232 Th.…”