Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests*

Beckett, Katherine; Nyrop, Kris; Pfingst, Lori

doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00044.x

Cited by 316 publications

(355 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…First, the study site is New York City, a place where intensive proactive policing has been institutionalized into the strategic design of policing and has become an intimate and deep-rooted part of the social ecology of many neighborhoods (Beckett, Nyrop & Pfingst, 2006;Beckett, Nyrop, Pfingst & Bowen, 2005;Davies, 2000, 2012;Fagan et al, 2010;Fagan , 2012aFagan , 2012b.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men’s Legal Socialization

Tyler

Fagan²,

Geller³

2013

SSRN Journal

108

175

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An examination of the influence of street stops on the legal socialization of young men showed an association between the number of police stops they see or experience and a diminished sense of police legitimacy. This association was not primarily a consequence of the number of stops or of the degree of police intrusion during those stops. Rather, the impact of involuntary contact with the police was mediated by evaluations of the fairness of police actions and judgments about whether the police were acting lawfully. Whether the police were viewed as exercising their authority fairly and lawfully shaped the impact of stops on respondent's general judgments about police legitimacy. Fairness and lawfulness judgments, in turn, were influenced by the number of stops and the degree of police intrusion during those stops.Similarly, judgments of justice and lawfulness shaped the estimated influence of judgments of the general character of police behavior in the community on general perceptions of police legitimacy. These results suggest that the widespread use of street stops undermined legitimacy.Lowered legitimacy had an influence on both law abidingness and the willingness to cooperate with legal authorities. The findings show that people were influenced by perceptions of police injustice/illegality.Words: 12,617 1

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men’s Legal Socialization

Tyler

Fagan²,

Geller³

2013

SSRN Journal

108

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Close police surveillance has become a part of everyday life for many residents of poor neighborhoods (Beckett, Nyrop, and Pfingst 2006;Gelman, Fagan, and Kiss 2007;Goffman 2009). However, this was not always the case.…”

Section: Expansion Of Criminal Justice Supervisionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveillance and System Avoidance

Brayne

2014

Am Sociol Rev

411

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The degree and scope of criminal justice surveillance increased dramatically in the United States over the past four decades. Recent qualitative research suggests the rise in surveillance may be met with a concomitant increase in efforts to evade it. To date, however, there has been no quantitative empirical test of this theory. In this article, I introduce the concept of "system avoidance," whereby individuals who have had contact with the criminal justice system avoid surveilling institutions that keep formal records. Using data from Add Health (n = 15,170) and the NLSY97 (n = 8,894), I find that individuals who have been stopped by police, arrested, convicted, or incarcerated are less likely to interact with surveilling institutions, including medical, financial, labor market, and educational institutions, than their counterparts who have not had criminal justice contact. By contrast, individuals with criminal justice contact are no less likely to participate in civic or religious institutions. Because criminal justice contact is disproportionately distributed, this study suggests system avoidance is a potential mechanism through which the criminal justice system contributes to social stratification: it severs an already marginalized subpopulation from institutions that are pivotal to desistance from crime and their own integration into broader society.

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“…Drug-related arrests exemplify such a feature of the risk environment: The threat of arrest imperils injectors' ability to engage in harm reduction, [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48] and drug-related arrest rates are higher in predominately Latino and/or Black communities, particularly those that are impoverished. 49,50 We posit that spatial access to pharmacies selling OTC syringes is another racialized feature of injectors' risk environments. Several lines of inquiry support this hypothesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Trends in Spatial Access to Pharmacies that Sell Over-the-Counter Syringes in New York City Health Districts: Relationship to Local Racial/Ethnic Composition and Need

et al. 2009

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Pharmacies that sell over-the-counter (OTC) syringes are a major source of sterile syringes for injection drug users in cities and states where such sales are legal. In these cities and states, however, black injectors are markedly less likely to acquire syringes from pharmacies than white injectors. The present analysis documents spatial and temporal trends in OTC pharmacy access in New York City health districts over time (2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006) and investigates whether these trends are related to district racial/ ethnic composition and to local need for OTC pharmacies. For each year of the study period, we used kernel density estimation methods to characterize spatial access to OTC pharmacies within each health district. Higher values on this measure indicate better access to these pharmacies. "Need" was operationalized using two different measures: the number of newly diagnosed injection-related AIDS cases per 10,000 residents (averaged across 1999-2001), and the number of drug-related hospital discharges per 10,000 residents (averaged across 1999-2001). District sociodemographic characteristics were assessed using 2000 US decennial census data. We used hierarchical linear models (HLM) for descriptive and inferential analyses and investigated whether the relationship between need and temporal trajectories in the Expanded Syringe Access Demonstration Program access varied by district racial/ethnic composition, controlling for district poverty rates. HLM analyses indicate that the mean spatial access to OTC pharmacies across New York City health districts was 12.71 in 2001 and increased linearly by 1.32 units annually thereafter. Temporal trajectories in spatial access to OTC pharmacies depended on both need and racial/ethnic composition. Within high-need districts, OTC pharmacy access was twice as high in 2001 and increased three times faster annually, in districts with higher proportions of non-Hispanic white residents than in districts with low proportions of these residents. In low-need districts, "whiter" districts had substantially greater baseline access to OTC pharmacies than districts with low proportions of non-Hispanic white residents. Access remained stable thereafter in low-need districts, regardless of racial/ethnic composition. Conclusions were consistent across both measures of "need" and persisted after controlling for local poverty rates. In both high-and low-need districts, spatial access to OTC pharmacies was greater in "Whiter" districts in 2001; in high-need 929districts, access also increased more rapidly over time in "whiter" districts. Ensuring equitable spatial access to OTC pharmacies may reduce injection-related HIV transmission overall and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in HIV incidence among injectors.

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Race, Drugs, and Policing: Understanding Disparities in Drug Delivery Arrests*

Cited by 316 publications

References 43 publications

Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men’s Legal Socialization

Street Stops and Police Legitimacy: Teachable Moments in Young Urban Men’s Legal Socialization

Surveillance and System Avoidance

Temporal Trends in Spatial Access to Pharmacies that Sell Over-the-Counter Syringes in New York City Health Districts: Relationship to Local Racial/Ethnic Composition and Need

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