Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States

Daniel, G. Reginald

doi:10.1515/9780271028842

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…More refined guiding instruments were introduced in the 1960 and 1970s by Soli Lam of London, Enjar Eriksson of Stockholm and George Hewson of Tuscon [75, 112, 163]. Dale Daniel (1939–1995) and Richard Watkins of San Diego, best known for their creation of the KT‐1000 ® Knee Ligament Arthrometer, developed the tension Isometer ® in 1986 [50, 51] (Fig. 40).…”

Section: The Concepts Of Isometric and Anatomic Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surgery for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a historical perspective

Schindler

2011

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc

145

123

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The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has entertained scientific minds since the Weber brothers provided biomechanical insight into the importance of the ACL in maintaining normal knee kinematics. Robert Adams described the first clinical case of ACL rupture in 1837 some 175 years to date, followed by Mayo-Robson of Leeds who performed the first ACL repair in 1895. At that time, most patients presented late and clinicians started to appreciate signs and symptoms and disabilities associated with such injuries. Hey Groves of Bristol provided the initial description of an ACL reconstruction with autologous tissue graft in 1917, almost as we know it today. His knowledge and achievements were, however, not uniformly appreciated during his life time. What followed was a period of startling ingenuity which created an amazing variety of different surgical procedures often based more on surgical fashion and the absence of a satisfactory alternative than any indication that continued refinements were leading to improved results. It is hence not surprising that real inventors were forgotten, good ideas discarded and untried surgical methods adopted with uncritical enthusiasm only to be set aside without further explanation. Over the past 100 years, surgeons have experimented with a variety of different graft sources including xenograft, and allografts, whilst autologous tissue has remained the most popular choice. Synthetic graft materials enjoyed temporary popularity in the 1980 and 1990s, in the misguided belief that artificial ligaments may be more durable and better equipped to withstand stresses and strains. Until the 1970s, ACL reconstructions were considered formidable procedures, often so complex and fraught with peril that they remained reserved for a chosen few, never gaining the level of popularity they are enjoying today. The increasing familiarity with arthroscopy, popularised through Jackson and Dandy, and enhancements in surgical technology firmly established ACL reconstruction as a common procedure within the realm of most surgeons' ability. More recently, the principle of anatomic ACL reconstruction, aiming at the functional restoration of native ACL dimensions and insertion sites, has been introduced, superseding the somewhat ill-advised concept of isometric graft placement. Double-bundle reconstruction is gaining in popularity, and combined extra- and intra-articular procedures are seeing a revival, but more accurate and reliable pre- and post-operative assessment tools are required to provide customised treatment options and appropriate evaluation and comparability of long-term results. Modern ACL surgery is united in the common goal of re-establishing joint homoeostasis with normal knee kinematics and function which may ultimately assist in reducing the prevalence of post-operative joint degeneration. This review hopes to provide an insight into the historical developments of ACL surgery and the various controversies surrounding its progress. Level of evidence V.

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Section: The Concepts Of Isometric and Anatomic Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Illustration of patent application for a system for establishing anterior cruciate ligament graft orientation and isometry, designed by Daniel in 1986 (US patent No. 4.712.542) [51]…”

Section: The Concepts Of Isometric and Anatomic Reconstructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgery for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a historical perspective

Schindler

2011

Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc

145

123

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“…Racial identification in Brazil is constructed from a dynamic combination of perceived behavioral, social, and physical traits (skin color, facial structure, the shape of the nose and lips, and hair texture). Scholars frequently contrast Brazil's racial identification fluidity to the rigidity of racial identification in the United States, where perceived ancestry is central and may produce sharper boundary distinctions (Nobles 2000;Nogueira 1985;Telles 2004;Daniel 2006). The seemingly more dynamic process of inferring 'race' in Brazil leads to presumed higher levels of ambiguity, fluidity, and subjectivity relative to the United States (Davis 1991;Skidmore 1993).…”

Section: Racial Fluidity and Response Shiftmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does race response shift impact racial inequality?

Muniz¹,

Bailey²

2022

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDPrevious research posits that racial reclassification, or response shift, may confound measures of racial earnings inequality. However, this claim has not been systematically tested. OBJECTIVEWe measure racial response shift in Brazil and examine its impact on white-to-nonwhite earnings inequality between survey waves over ten years at nine-month intervals. METHODSWe use individual-level linked data from the 2002-2012 Monthly Employment Survey, involving Brazil's six largest metropolitan areas (n = 400,046). We describe the level and pattern of racial reclassification across time and by income rank. We then decompose racial inequality into two components (income and population ratios) to examine the impact of racial response shift on estimates of racial inequality and to construct analytic counterfactuals. RESULTSResults reveal that 16% of our sample shifted their racial responses between survey waves. Nonetheless, we show that this level of response shift had no substantial impact on estimates of income inequality. We explain the counterintuitive results by demonstrating how bidirectional racial classification flows -lightening and darkeningcountervail each other due to their similar income profiles and racial reclassification rates. CONTRIBUTIONWe offer a first empirical analysis of how racial response shift impacts estimates of racial earnings inequality using individual-level linked data from a large-sample survey.

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Mixed Race in Brazil: Classification, Quantification, and Identification

Daniel

Hernández

2020

The Palgrave International Handbook of Mixed Racial and Ethnic Classification

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Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Surgery for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a historical perspective

Surgery for anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: a historical perspective

Does race response shift impact racial inequality?

Mixed Race in Brazil: Classification, Quantification, and Identification

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