“…Second, this article contributes to the discussion on the emergence of a second populist dimension after the 2008 economic crisis, which would have become visible thanks to the 15-M [Lisi et al, 2019]. Most accounts, including those provided by populist parties' leaders, have emphasized the importance of a second populist dimension not encompassing a traditional left-right dimension [Errejón Galván et al, 2011, Akkerman et al, 2014, Anduiza et al, 2018, Marcos-Marne et al, 2020. According to this logic, the left-right dimension would have been surpassed after the protests caused by the economic and political crisis of 2008.…”