Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior of transparent graft-interpenetrating polymer networks (graft-IPNs)

Sundaram, Balamurugan M.; Mendez, Ricardo Ballestero; Auad, Marı́a L.; Tippur, Hareesh V.

doi:10.1016/j.polymertesting.2018.06.032

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The synthesis of two grades of epoxy/PU IPN structures has also been reported in literature by using poly(tetramethylene ether) glycol (PTMG) of two different molecular weights (650 and 1400 g·mol −1 ) [ 56 ]. The quasi-static fracture toughness of modified epoxy, obtained from high molecular weight PTMG, showed higher values (i.e., 2.95 MPa·m 1/2 ) than the system having low molecular weight PTMG (2.8 MPa·m 1/2 ).…”

Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The quasi-static fracture toughness of modified epoxy, obtained from high molecular weight PTMG, showed higher values (i.e., 2.95 MPa·m 1/2 ) than the system having low molecular weight PTMG (2.8 MPa·m 1/2 ). However, the dynamic fracture toughness was higher (i.e., 3.1 MPa·m 1/2 ) in the case of low molecular weight PTMG, as compared to the values (i.e., 2.5 MPa·m 1/2 ) for epoxy system modified using high molecular weight PTMG [ 56 ]. Likewise, Chaudhary et al [ 57 ] reported the toughening of epoxy resin using polyester polyurethane obtained from the glycolysis of PET waste.…”

Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the higher fracture toughness (at room temperature)of epoxy system is found by using toughener (PU) having higher isocyanate terminated PUPs, which is due to the higher interpenetration of additional crosslinks into the rigid epoxy matrix [ 58 ]. The molecular weight of the components, used to prepare the toughener, can also significantly affect the resultant mechanical properties (i.e., fracture toughness) of the epoxy system [ 56 , 57 ]. Hence, the final mechanical properties including fracture toughness of the modified epoxy system can be finely tuned by controlling the morphology and/or creating the IPN structure.…”

Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

2020

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Epoxy resins are widely used for different commercial applications, particularly in the aerospace industry as matrix carbon fibre reinforced polymers composite. This is due to their excellent properties, i.e., ease of processing, low cost, superior mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. However, a pure epoxy system possesses some inherent shortcomings, such as brittleness and low elongation after cure, limiting performance of the composite. Several approaches to toughen epoxy systems have been explored, of which formation of the interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) has gained increasing attention. This methodology usually results in better mechanical properties (e.g., fracture toughness) of the modified epoxy system. Ideally, IPNs result in a synergistic combination of desirable properties of two different polymers, i.e., improved toughness comes from the toughener while thermosets are responsible for high service temperature. Three main parameters influence the mechanical response of IPN toughened systems: (i) the chemical structure of the constituents, (ii) the toughener content and finally and (iii) the type and scale of the resulting morphology. Various synthesis routes exist for the creation of IPN giving different means of control of the IPN structure and also offering different processing routes for making composites. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art on toughening of epoxy matrix system through formation of IPN structure, either by using thermoplastics or thermosets. Moreover, the potential of IPN based epoxy systems is explored for the formation of composites particularly for aerospace applications.

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Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ipn Based Epoxy Systems With Thermoplastic Toughenersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

2020

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“…No phase separation was observed in their samples, and better thermal stability was achieved by utilizing the polyurethane‐based IPN compared to just the neat polystyrene. Ballestero and co‐workers, 14 as well as Sundaram et al 15 studied the properties of the graft‐IPNs containing polyurethane and PMMA. An improvement in phase separation was also observed due to the chemical bonds generated between the two polymer networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical performance of vinyl ester—polyurethane interpenetrating polymer network composites

Alizadeh

Thorne

Auad

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this study, a carbon fiber/vinyl ester‐polyurethane interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) laminate composite was fabricated and characterized for the first time. The IPN matrix, consisting of a commercially available vinyl ester and polyurethane, was synthesized via a sequential method with vinyl ester as the rigid phase and polyurethane as the flexible phase. Good compatibility between the two phases in the matrix was achieved and confirmed via differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. The thermomechanical response of the IPN matrix was compared with that of an unmodified vinyl ester resin. The presence of the more ductile polyurethane in the IPN matrix depressed the glass transition temperature (from 94 to 84°C), but also served to improve damping response at all frequencies studied. Tensile and flexural tests were performed on the carbon fiber/IPN and carbon fiber/vinyl ester composites to determine their mechanical response. The IPN composite exhibited lower tensile properties than the vinyl ester composite. However, its flexural properties were on par with those of the vinyl ester composite.

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“…6 Ease of processing, low density, tunable mechanical properties, excellent impact resistance and fracture toughness of these new polymeric materials are some of the significant reasons that make them suitable candidates for advanced applications. 6,7 While the direct blending of polymers is one method for formulating polymers with enhanced properties, 8 the final mixing process presents challenges due to the tendency for phase separation to occur. 9,10 To overcome phase separation between dissimilar polymers while also improving the compatibility of the solid-state material, various polymerization processes have been developed including those using graft and block copolymers and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐fracture‐toughness acrylic–polyurethane‐based graft‐interpenetrating polymer networks for transparent applications

Alizadeh

Barde

Minkler

et al. 2020

Polymer International

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Transparent materials with robust mechanical properties are essential for numerous applications and require careful manipulation of polymer chemistry. Here, polyurethane (PU) and acrylic-based copolymers out of styrene were utilized to synthesize transparent PU-acrylic graft-interpenetrating polymer networks (graft-IPNs) for the first time. In these materials, PU imparts greater flexibility, while the acrylic copolymer increases rigidity and glass transition temperature of the graft-IPNs. Kinetics of the graft-IPN synthesis was monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1 H NMR spectroscopy through the conversion of the isocyanate group. System compatibility, degree of phase separation and material transparency were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy. Overall, higher compatibility is observed at a higher percentage of styrene in the acrylate copolymer. The thermomechanical properties of the IPNs were quantified using dynamic mechanical analysis to assess the effect of the acrylic copolymer content on fracture toughness of the resulting graft-IPNs. The high fracture toughness of the graft-IPNs, coupled with excellent transparency, demonstrates the potential of these systems for high-performance applications.

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Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical behavior of transparent graft-interpenetrating polymer networks (graft-IPNs)

Cited by 11 publications

References 22 publications

Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

Toughening of Epoxy Systems with Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN): A Review

Mechanical performance of vinyl ester—polyurethane interpenetrating polymer network composites

High‐fracture‐toughness acrylic–polyurethane‐based graft‐interpenetrating polymer networks for transparent applications

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