Quantum private comparison of arbitrary single qubit states based on swap test

Abstract

In this paper, by using swap test, a quantum private comparison (QPC) protocol of arbitrary single qubit states with a semi-honest third party is proposed. The semi-honest third party (TP) is required to help two participants perform the comparison. She can record intermediate results and do some calculations in the whole process of the protocol execution, but she cannot conspire with any participants. In the process of comparison, TP cannot get two participants' private information except the comparison results. According to the security analysis, the proposed protocol can resist both outsider attacks and participant attacks. Compared with the existing QPC protocols, the proposed one does not require any entanglement swapping technology, and it can compare two participants' qubits by performing swap test, which is easier to implement with current technology. Meanwhile, the proposed protocol can compare secret integers. It encodes secret integers into the amplitude of quantum state rather than transfer them as binary representations, and the encoded quantum state is compared by performing swap test. Additionally, the proposed QPC protocol is extended to the QPC of arbitrary single qubit states by using multi-qubit swap test.

Single-photon-based quantum secure protocol for the socialist millionaires’ problem

“…This protocol requires a two-particle quantum walk state and a quantum walk operator, and it can improve efficiency by allowing private inputs to be compared all at once rather than bit by bit. In order to compare the relationship of arbitrary singlequbit states, Huang et al [31] constructed a QPC protocol by utilizing the special property of rotation encryption and swap test.…”