“…Quantum dot submicrobeads (QBs), which are polymer matrix embedded with numerous QDs, exhibit a stronger fluorescent intensity than the corresponding QDs, resulting in higher analytical sensitivity compared to QDs used as probes in the ICA. However, there are only a handful of studies of QB-ICA for the detection of pesticides [37]. Witsanu Senbua et al fabricated a simple and effective absorbance-based biosensor using recombinant methyl parathion hydrolase fused with glutathione-S-transferase (MPH-GST) biosensor for the identification of the pesticide methyl parathion.…”
The pesticide is any substance used to prohibit, destroy, or control pests, such as insects, fungus, rodents or, undesirable plant species that cause damage during crop production and storage. There are a lot of traditional methods to detect pesticides, among them gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their combinations with ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectroscopy. Nevertheless, these conventional techniques have several limitations, involving complicated pre-treatment steps, requiring expensive instruments, operational difficulty, lack of instrument portability, and difficulties in real-time monitoring. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is one of the current leading techniques widely applied for the ultrasensitive detection of pesticides molecules. SERS take advantage to combine the high specificity of Raman scattering with the signal amplification of electromagnetic enhancement provided by the excitation of surface Plasmon resonances in metallic nanostructures, together with the charge transfer mechanisms established between metal surfaces and analytes. In this brief review, types of classification of pesticides that can be classed has been reported. These classifications can provide valuable information on the chemistry of pesticides. The state of art of SERS, including a theoretical background study, is briefly described. Finally, some recent development and applications of optical and analytical techniques for pesticides detection has been summarised, a particular study will be focused on SERS combined with microfluidic technology.
“…Quantum dot submicrobeads (QBs), which are polymer matrix embedded with numerous QDs, exhibit a stronger fluorescent intensity than the corresponding QDs, resulting in higher analytical sensitivity compared to QDs used as probes in the ICA. However, there are only a handful of studies of QB-ICA for the detection of pesticides [37]. Witsanu Senbua et al fabricated a simple and effective absorbance-based biosensor using recombinant methyl parathion hydrolase fused with glutathione-S-transferase (MPH-GST) biosensor for the identification of the pesticide methyl parathion.…”
The pesticide is any substance used to prohibit, destroy, or control pests, such as insects, fungus, rodents or, undesirable plant species that cause damage during crop production and storage. There are a lot of traditional methods to detect pesticides, among them gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their combinations with ultraviolet (UV) or mass spectroscopy. Nevertheless, these conventional techniques have several limitations, involving complicated pre-treatment steps, requiring expensive instruments, operational difficulty, lack of instrument portability, and difficulties in real-time monitoring. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is one of the current leading techniques widely applied for the ultrasensitive detection of pesticides molecules. SERS take advantage to combine the high specificity of Raman scattering with the signal amplification of electromagnetic enhancement provided by the excitation of surface Plasmon resonances in metallic nanostructures, together with the charge transfer mechanisms established between metal surfaces and analytes. In this brief review, types of classification of pesticides that can be classed has been reported. These classifications can provide valuable information on the chemistry of pesticides. The state of art of SERS, including a theoretical background study, is briefly described. Finally, some recent development and applications of optical and analytical techniques for pesticides detection has been summarised, a particular study will be focused on SERS combined with microfluidic technology.
“…The calculated limit of detection for OLA was 0.12 µg/kg in their study [34]. Compared to QDs, quantum dot nanobeads (QBs) are polymer nanobeads consisting of numerous QDs, and exhibit stronger fluorescence intensity and higher tolerance under environmental changes [35][36][37]. The introduction of QBs to LFIA may contribute to further improvement in the stability and sensitivity of LFIA.…”
Quantum dot nanobeads (QBs) were used as signal source to develop competitive lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP). The quantitative detection of CAP was achieved by calculating the total color difference (∆E) values of the test line (T line) using the images of test strips. QB-based LFIA (QBs-LFIA) allowed the effective dynamic linear detection of CAP in the range of 0.1–1.5 ng/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) was 3.0 ng/mL, which was 50 and 667 times lower than those achieved for two different brands of colloidal gold kits. The recoveries of CAP during real-sample detection were 82.82–104.91% at spiked levels of 0.1, 0.7, and 1.5 ng/mL. These results indicate that the developed QBs-LFIA facilitates the sensitive detection of CAP.
“…To date, many fluorescent probes (e.g., quantum dots (QDs), up-conversion nanoparticles, and lanthanide ions) instead of traditional enzymes have been applied to enhance the sensitivity of immunoassays [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Among them, QDs are ideal fluorescent materials because of their narrow emission spectra, broad excitation, high fluorescent intensity, and high stability [ 36 , 37 ]. In addition, QBs are prepared by embedding plenty of QDs in a polymer matrix, and they show stronger fluorescent intensity than QDs.…”
In this study, a quantum-dot-bead (QB)-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (FLISA) using nanobodies was established for sensitive determination of the Cry2A toxin in cereal. QBs were used as the fluorescent probe and conjugated with a Cry2A polyclonal antibody. An anti-Cry2A nanobody P2 was expressed and used as the capture antibody. The results revealed that the low detection limit of the developed QB-FLISA was 0.41 ng/mL, which had a 19-times higher sensitivity than the traditional colorimetric ELISA. The proposed assay exhibited a high specificity for the Cry2A toxin, and it had no evident cross-reactions with other Cry toxins. The recoveries of Cry2A from the spiked cereal sample ranged from 86.6–117.3%, with a coefficient of variation lower than 9%. Moreover, sample analysis results of the QB-FLISA and commercial ELISA kit correlated well with each other. These results indicated that the developed QB-FLISA provides a potential approach for the sensitive determination of the Cry2A toxin in cereals.
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