Quantitative arginine requirement of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea water

Abstract

A study utilizing casein-corn gluten meal based diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids was conducted to determine the quantitative arginine requirement of Atlantic salmon smolts. Fish were gradually acclimated to sea water (32 ppt ) and maintained for 8 weeks prior to commencement of the study. Triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon were fed to satiation diets (CP: 40% DM) containing 1.1-3.2 g Arg/lOO g diet (2.7-8% of protein)for a period of 8 weeks. Growth, feed utilization and nitrogen retention data showed the requirement for arginine of Atlantic salmon to be 1.6% of dry matter (4.1% of dietary protein). An arginine requirement of 1.6% of dry matter (4.1% of dietary protein) was also obtained from broken-line regression of expired 14C02 (following an intraperitoneal injection of L-[ U-'4C]arginine versus dietary concentration. Except for the loss of appetite resulting in a low feed intake and depressed growth, no nutritional deficiency signs were observed in fish fed an arginine deficient diet for 98 days. The significance of several biochemical indices measured including liver arginase activity and plasma arginine, insulin and growth hormone levels of fish fed graded levels of arginine supplement is also discussed.

Dietary arginine requirement for gibel carp (Carassis auratus gibelio var. CAS III) reduces with fish size from 50g to 150g associated with modulation of genes involved in TOR signaling pathway

“…FE showed the same trend with SGR. Similar observations had been reported in rainbow trout (Cho et al, 1992), Atlantic salmon (Lall et al, 1994), and Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Alam et al, 2002). It was stated that fish appear to adjust their feed intake to maintain particular energy intake (Jobling and Wandsvik, 1983;Kaushik and Medale, 1994).…”

“…Because of the different growth rate and nutrition turnover rate, the requirements and utilization of arginine for fish at different body size are different. Whereas, to our knowledge, except for Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (Berge et al, 1997;Lall et al, 1994), or rainbow trout (NRC, 2011), there is no information about arginine requirement and utilization of fish of larger body size than fingerling. Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) CAS III is a selected strain of crucian carp.…”

Protein and arginine requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts

“…Arg is known to play a major role in mediating responses in the somatotropic axis (Swanson, 1990) and is also considered to be a potent growth promoter even in fish (Mommsen, 2001). But, a dietary excess of Arg does not seem to affect neither plasma insulin nor growth hormone levels in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Lall et al 1994). Considering the fact that high dietary Arg levels do not impair growth in the three other species, the adverse effect of excess Arg on growth of turbot requires further analysis.…”

Lysine and arginine requirements of Salminus brasiliensis

“…Lysine requirements of fish range between 5.0 and 6.8% of dietary protein, and the highest values are ordinarily related to nutritional requirements of carnivorous fish (National Research Council, 1993). Arginine is a basic amino acid (isoelectrical point pH=11.1) which is essential for fish (Lall et al, 1994;Kuçukbay et al, 2008). However, in contrast to lysine, arginine is not one of the most limiting amino acids in ingredients for fish diets.…”

“…Optimum, calculated DA levels for WG (153.6 g) were 1.47% of DA or 3.42% or 3.37% of ADP. Citations in the literature show DA values that vary between 1.6 % (ADP 4.1%) for Atlantic salmon (Lall et al, 1994) and 2.8% (ADP 6.5 %) for yellow grouper [Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842)] (Zhou et al, 2012), as well as several species, such as the sea bass [Dicentrarchus labrax (Linnaeus, 1758)] with 1.8% AD and 3.9% ADP (Tibaldi et al, 1994), and the Japanese flounder with 2.04% AD and 4.08% (Alam et al, 2002).…”