Quantification of PET cyclic and linear oligomers in teabags by a validated LC-MS method – In silico toxicity assessment and consumer’s exposure

Polystyrene Biodegradation by Tenebrio molitor Larvae: Identification of Generated Substances Using a GC-MS Untargeted Screening Method

“…From day 1, the volatiles PS oligomers 2,4,6,-triphenyl -1-hexene and 1,3,5-triphenyl cyclohexane were already being formed, while also styrene and α-methyl styrene were generated. It is worthy to notice that for many other polymers, such as in the case of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the trimer has been described as the most abundant structure [30,31]. 2,4-DTBP was also identified.…”

Analysis of PBT and PET cyclic oligomers in extracts of coffee capsules and food simulants by a HPLC-UV/FLD method

“…PET oligomers are considered as non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) and have shown to migrate from the plastic material into the food ( Brenz et al, 2017 , Eckardt et al, 2019 , Genualdi et al, 2014 , Heimrich et al, 2015 ; Kappenstein et al, 2018 , Tsochatzis et al, 2020 ). A mixture of some PBT cyclic oligomers (dimer to pentamer) is included in the positive list of Regulation (EU) No.…”

“…EFSA also proposed the application of the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approach for classifying substances for which no toxicity data are available and no genotoxicity is expected ( EFSA, 2012 , EFSA, 2016 ). In silico toxicological assessment of PET oligomers was previously reported, without highlighting any genotoxicity alerts ( Tsochatzis et al, 2020 ). According to the TTC concept, all the studied PBT and PET cyclic oligomers are considered as belonging to Cramer Class III, implying a potential significant toxicity and a maximum consumption limit of 90 μg/person/day ( Cramer et al, 1978 , EFSA, 2014b , EFSA, 2012 , EFSA, 2014a , EFSA, 2019 ).…”

“… Oligomers FCMs Matrix Analytical technique Ref. PET cyclic oligomers Microwavable PET Migration solutions HPLC-FLD Begley et al, 1990 PET cyclic and linear oligomers Ovenable PET bags and trays Migration solutions HPLC-UV De Freire, Damant, Castle, & Reyes, 1999 PES linear and cyclic oligomers Several PES items Extraction solutions after hydrolysis HPLC-UV and GC–MS LC-ESI-MS Brenz et al, 2017 PES cyclic oligomers FCM multilayers Migration solutions UPLC-MS-qTOF Ubeda, 2017 PET linear and cyclic oligomers Virgin and recycled PET food-grade pellets Extraction and migration solutions UPLC-MS-qTOF Ubeda, Aznar, & Nerin, 2018 PBT linear and cyclic oligomers Several PBT items Extraction solutions HPLC-UV and LC-ESI-MS Brenz et al, 2018 PET and PBT cyclic dimers and trimers PET bottles Migration solutions HPLC-UV Tsochatzis et al, 2019a ; Dehouck et al, 2018 PBT cyclic dimer to pentamer PBT beverage cups Migration and extraction solutions HPLC-UV Tsochatzis et al, 2019b PET trimer and PBT dimer and trimer PET and PBT food-grade pellets Extraction solutions HPLC-UV Eckardt et al, 2019 PES cyclic oligomers PLA pellets and films Migration and total dissolution solutions UPLC-qTOF-MS Ubeda, 2019 PET cyclic and linear oligomers PET tea bags Migration solutions UHPLC-qTOF-MS Tsochatzis et al, 2020 PES cyclic...…”

“…As only very few commercially analytical standards of PET and PBT oligomers were available until recently, most studies had to rely on the semi-quantification of oligomers. That is the case of all the works included in Table 1 , with the exception of Tsochatzis et al, 2020 . Frequently the PET cyclic trimer was used as a universal calibrant for the quantification of all the oligomers of whatever chemical structure.…”