Quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine and norcotinine in human meconium by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

There are no analytical methods that simultaneously quantify nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine and norcotinine in human meconium. Such a method could improve identification of in utero tobacco exposure, determine if maternal dose-meconium concentration relationships exist, and whether nicotine meconium concentrations predict neonatal outcomes. The first liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of these analytes in meconium was developed and validated. Specimen preparation included homogenization, enzyme hydrolysis and solid phase extraction. The linear range was 1.25 or 5 -500 ng/g. Method applicability was evaluated with meconium collected from an in utero tobacco exposed infant.

Determination of nicotine and cotinine in human serum by means of LC/MS

“…Many analytical methods have been used for the analysis of nicotine and cotinine: GC/MS [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], LC/MS [11][12][13][14][15] and LC/UV [16][17][18][19]. These methods utilize liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) for sample preparation.…”

Rapid and sensitive determination of nicotine in formulations and biological fluid using micellar liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

“…cigarette butt [7], chewing gum [8], pharmaceuticals [9], nasal powder [10], dietary nicotine [11], fertilizer [12] as well as nicotine and its metabolite in various biological samples like plasma [13][14][15][16], urine [14], hair [17,18], saliva [11], meconium [19], cutaneous nicotine [20] and milk [21] leaving apart experimental animals and animal products [22][23][24]. Analytical techniques for the determination of nicotine in these samples includes enzyme linked immunoassay and radio immunoassay [25,26], gas chromatography [9], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry [10,11,24], high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet detector [6,12,14,15,18,[20][21][22][23][24], diode array detection [18], electrochemical detector [17] and mass spectrometry [7,11,13,16,19].…”

“…For this reason the method for the determination of nicotine in biological fluids needs a previous strategy prior to injection onto a chromatographic system, consisting in a pretreatment step, and the use of derivatization [27] or a specific and sensitive detector. Pretreatment step is usually performed by liquid-liquid extraction [7,9,12,13,15,17,19,21] or solid-phase extraction [14,16,18,19,23]. The extraction and derivatization methods often involve large sample volumes requiring significant quantities of chemicals and often chlorinated solvents, which result in prohibitively expensive waste storage, segregation and disposal costs.…”

Quantitation of Nicotine, Its Metabolites, and Other Related Alkaloids in Urine, Serum, and Plasma Using LC-MS-MS

“…It is now recognized that liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) is the methodology of choice for the analysis of these compounds in biological fluids, such as serum/ plasma (6-12), urine (8,(13)(14)(15)(16), saliva (17), teeth (18), and meconium (19). The majority of published methods use atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) (6,7,9,14,17) or electrospray ionization (ESI) (8,10,11,16).…”