Qualitative Differences in the Exploration of Upright and Upside‐Down Faces in Four‐Month‐Old Infants: An Eye‐Movement Study

Gallay, Mathieu; Baudouin, Jean‐Yves; Durand, Karine; Lemoine, C.; Lécuyer, Roger

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00914.x

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…In a recent study (Gallay, Baudouin, Durand, Lemoine, & Lecuyer, 2006), 4-month-olds were found to scan and encode upright and inverted faces differently. When faces were upright, infants spent more time exploring internal features (mainly in the region of the nose and mouth), shifted their gaze more frequently between internal features, and also shifted their gaze frequently between internal and external features.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The inversion effect in infancy: The role of internal and external features

Rose¹,

Jankowski²,

Feldman³

2008

Infant Behavior and Development

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The present work examined the role of inner and outer features in infants' failure to recognize inverted faces and in their recognition of upright ones (the "inversion effect"). The first study established that the inversion effect is present in infants as young as 5 months; study 2 and study 3 demonstrated a developmental shift in the basis of this effect between 5 and 7 months. In the second study, 7-and 9-month-olds, but not 5-month-olds, could recognize a face that had its external features inverted but its internal ones upright. In the third study, 7-and 9-month-olds, but not 5-month-olds, could recognize upright faces as long as their internal features remained the same, even when the external features were new. Taken together, these studies suggest that the importance of internal features for face recognition increases between 5 and 7 months. Keywords infants; inversion effect; face perceptionFace recognition is a remarkable human achievement that is crucial for social development. Faces are highly salient and biologically significant stimuli. As a species, humans appear primed to prefer faces, or face-like stimuli, from birth (Fantz, 1964;Goren, Sarty, & Wu, 1975 ). For example, newborns prefer faces to patterns and prefer a face-like structure made up of three blobs, arranged as two 'eyes' above a 'mouth,' to other arrangements of the same elements (Simion, Valenza, Macchi Cassia, Turati, & Umilta, 2002;Turati, Simion, Milani, & Umilta, 2002;Valenza, Simion, Macchi Cassia, & Umilta, 1996). Young infants are also able to recognize individual faces, preferring their mother's face to that of a stranger in the first few days of life (Bushnell, 2003;Bushnell, Sai, & Mullen, 1989;Johnson & Morton, 1991;Pascalis, deSchonen, Morton, Deruelle, & Fabre-Grenet, 1995).In adults, face recognition is considered to be primarily dependent on configural or holistic processing, focusing more on the relation between facial features (eyes, nose, mouth, chin, ears, hairline, etc.) than the individual features themselves , see also (Carey & Diamond, 1994;Farah, Wilson, Drain, & Tanaka, 1998;Moscovich & Moscovich, 2000;Moscovich, Winocur, & Behrmann, 1997). Three different types of configurational information figure prominently in face perception: (1) first order relations, which refer to cardinal top-down ordering of features shared by all faces -eyes above noseCorresponding author: Susan A. Rose, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, New York, 10461, Phone # (718) Fax # (718) 518-8544, email: srose@aecom.yu.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disc...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The inversion effect in infancy: The role of internal and external features

Rose¹,

Jankowski²,

Feldman³

2008

Infant Behavior and Development

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“…Via these measures, eye tracking can help us better understand the specific information to which infants attend and process while exploring different types of faces. To date, only a few studies have examined infants' scanning of upright versus inverted faces (Gallay, Baudouin, Durand, Lemoine, & Lécuyer, 2006;Kato & Konishi, 2013;Oakes & Ellis, 2013), but their results have uncovered some interesting differences in the ways that infants visually explore faces of different orientations across development.…”

Section: Effects Of Inversion On Infants' Scanning Of Facesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The first study to use eye-tracking technology to address potential scanning differences for upright and inverted faces in infants was conducted by Gallay et al (2006). Gallay et al recorded the scanning behaviors of a group of 4-month-olds while they were habituated to a face.…”

Section: Effects Of Inversion On Infants' Scanning Of Facesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Origins of the Face Inversion Effect

Cashon¹,

Holt²

2015

Advances in Child Development and Behavior

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“…Recently, Sangrigoli and de Schonen (2004) showed an inversion effect in 3-yearolds. Even newborns and infants are sensitive to face orientation (Gallay, Baudouin, Durand, Lemoine, &Lécuyer, 2006;Slater et al, 2000;Turati, Sangrigoli, & de Schonen, 2004). Carey and Diamond (1994) themselves reported an increasing inversion effect from 6 to 10 years of age, suggesting a development of the ability to process configural information.Configural processing of facial information by children was also observed with paradigms used specifically to provide evidence for holistic processing of faces, namely, the composite face paradigm and the whole-part paradigm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The development of facial emotion recognition: The role of configural information

Durand

Gallay

Seigneuric

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Child Psychology

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280

243

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The development of children's ability to recognize facial emotions and the role of configural informationin this development were investigated. In the study, 100 5-, 7-, 9-, and 11-year-olds and 26 adultsneeded to recognize the emotion displayed by upright and upside-down faces. The same participantsneeded to recognize the emotion displayed by the top half of an upright or upside-down face that was orwas not aligned with a bottom half that displayed another emotion. The results showed that the ability torecognize facial emotion develops with age, with a developmental course that depends on the emotion tobe recognized. Moreover, children at all ages and adults exhibited both an inversion effect and a compositeeffect, suggesting that children rely on configural information to recognize facial emotions.

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Qualitative Differences in the Exploration of Upright and Upside‐Down Faces in Four‐Month‐Old Infants: An Eye‐Movement Study

Cited by 45 publications

References 44 publications

The inversion effect in infancy: The role of internal and external features

The inversion effect in infancy: The role of internal and external features

Developmental Origins of the Face Inversion Effect

The development of facial emotion recognition: The role of configural information

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