Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis of Doping Products Seized at the Swiss Border

Weber, Christina D.; Krug, Oliver; Kamber, Matthias; Thevis, Mario

doi:10.1080/10826084.2016.1263665

Cited by 32 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Trenbolone and oxandrolone have short half‐lives (˂24 hours) which could be the reason why trenbolone and oxandrolone were detected only in a minority of those who reported the use of these AAS. Another reason might be mislabeling, as only around 40% of confiscated black market AAS are accurately labeled, the percentage being even lower for trenbolone …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of athlete biological passport biomarkers and clinical parameters in male and female users of anabolic androgenic steroids and other doping agents

Börjesson

Lehtihet

Andersson

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other performance enhancing substances can change over time, so there is a need to constantly update what substances are used and can be detected. Six women and 30 men anabolic androgenic steroid users were recruited who filled out an anonymous questionnaire about their use of performance enhancing substances during the past year. Sampling took place on a single occasion and included blood and urine collection. Our aim was to identify which doping agents can be detected in men and women self‐reporting AAS use. The first choice of substances differed between men (testosterone) and women (oxandrolone). The use of growth hormones was reported among men (10%) and women (50%). Growth hormone releasing factors/secretagogs were reported by about ~ 20% in both genders. Nandrolone was the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroid even in those who did not report use in the past year. Of the current male testosterone users, 82% exhibited testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratios of > 4. Men with current testosterone use displayed 4‐fold and 6‐fold higher median T/E, respectively, when compared with recent and previous testosterone users (P = 0.0001). Dermal testosterone use in women (n = 2) was not associated with a T/E ratio of > 4, but with supra‐physiological total serum testosterone concentrations. Changes in gonadotropins and hematological parameters were associated with the time of the last anabolic androgenic steroid intake in men, whereas in women these biomarkers were within the normal range. This highlights gender specific differences and indicates the need for additional biomarkers in female athletes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of athlete biological passport biomarkers and clinical parameters in male and female users of anabolic androgenic steroids and other doping agents

Börjesson

Lehtihet

Andersson

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…Although illicitly obtained AAS are very unreliable, most products do contain AAS—in most cases in a lower dose than indicated on the label—and desired effects will be experienced by the user. Contamination of AAS with other harmful compounds appears negligible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baseline characteristics of the HAARLEM study: 100 male amateur athletes using anabolic androgenic steroids

Smit

Hon

Venhuis

et al. 2019

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Background The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is common among visitors of fitness centers. Knowledge about health risks of AAS use is limited due to lack of clinical studies. Methods One hundred men, at least 18 years old, intending to start a cycle of AAS were recruited. Baseline demographical data and reasons for AAS use were recorded. Subjects provided samples of AAS for analysis with UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS. Results One hundred and eleven men were seen for a baseline visit. Nineteen percent had competed in bodybuilding competitions. Recent illicit drug use was reported by 56%. Seventy‐seven percent of participants had used AAS in the past, and 97% of them had experienced side effects. After exclusion, 100 men comprised the cohort for follow‐up. The AAS cycle performed had a median duration of 13 weeks (range 2‐52), and the average dose of AAS equivalents was 901 mg per week (range 250‐3.382). Subjects used other performance and image–enhancing drugs (PIEDs) such as growth hormone (21%). In total, 272 AAS samples were analyzed and 47% contained the AAS indicated on the label. The principal reason for AAS use was gain of muscle mass (44%). Forty‐eight percent self‐reported to being addicted to AAS. Conclusion The HAARLEM study cohort shows that strength athletes use AAS in a wide variety of cycles and often also use illicit drugs and other potentially harmful PIEDs. The quality of the AAS used is strikingly low. Follow‐up of the cohort will provide novel data regarding health risks of AAS use.

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“…The latter compounds, which are unrelated to ghrelin, are five or six amino acid peptides incorporating modified amino acids . CJC‐1295 and Ipamorelin appeared to be discontinued early in clinical trials, but can be obtained online from clandestine manufacturers . Pralmorelin is an approved drug in Japan (Kaken Pharmaceutical).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycine‐modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material

Gajda

Holm

Hoej

et al. 2018

Drug Testing and Analysis

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A number of unknown pharmaceutical preparations seized by Danish customs authorities were submitted for liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. Comparison with reference standards unequivocally identified the content of the powders as analogs of the growth hormone secretagogues GHRP-2 (Pralmorelin), GHRP-6, Ipamorelin, and modified growth hormone releasing factor (modified GRF 1-29), which can be used as performance-enhancing substances in sports. In all cases, the detected modification involved the addition of an extra glycine amino acid at the N-terminus, and analytical methods targeting growth hormone secretagogues should hence be updated accordingly.

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Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis of Doping Products Seized at the Swiss Border

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Studies of athlete biological passport biomarkers and clinical parameters in male and female users of anabolic androgenic steroids and other doping agents

Studies of athlete biological passport biomarkers and clinical parameters in male and female users of anabolic androgenic steroids and other doping agents

Baseline characteristics of the HAARLEM study: 100 male amateur athletes using anabolic androgenic steroids

Glycine‐modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material

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