QoWater

Abstract

This paper presents QoWater, a novel user-centric crowdsourcing system that enables mobile users to evaluate the quality of drinking, recreational, and irrigation water. The QoWater follows a client-to-server architecture. Via QoWater clients, users upload their feedback about the water quality, together with their position and a timestamp in the spatio-temporal database of QoWater. At the same time, a wireless sensor network monitors the water distribution network (WDN) and uploads the measurements to the QoWater database. We have developed a proof-of-concept implementation of QoWater and performed a preliminary analysis. The paper also highlights the research directions and challenges for developing a robust and effective mechanism.

Water quality monitoring in smart city: A pilot project

“…The data transmission system of the remote water quality monitoring systems is commonly built on cellular network (GSM/GPRS) [35][36][37][38] or satellite data link [39]. New networks have also been utilised to set up wireless sensor network, e.g., Zigbee is commonly used [40] [41], and sometimes Wi-Fi network [42]. It is believed that the new communication technologies recently developed for IoT will substantially push the development of WSN-based water quality monitoring system to even higher levels.…”

Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks

“…For some of the implementations, additional details about the design of the communication architecture and protocol [Jiang et al 2009;Wang et al 2011;Chen et al 2011], power management scheme [Regan et al 2009], data processing and visualization at the monitoring center [Alkandari et al 2011;Rao et al 2013;Amruta and Satish 2013], and how to adapt the system to different testing/deployment conditions [Seders et al 2007] are also provided. Regarding the hardware used at the sensor nodes, it is interesting to note that starting from the early 2010s, there has been a substantial shift from hardware that was traditionally used by the WSN community, such as MICA2 motes [Seders et al 2007;Wang et al 2011], the Sun SPOT platform [Zennaro et al 2009], Libelium Waspmote [Rapousis et al 2015], or custom-made architectures [Jiang et al 2009;Wang et al 2011], to Arduino-based architectures, such as Arduino Uno [Curiel et al 2016] and Arduino Mega [Rao et al 2013].…”

“…The primary communication technology used for networking data within the WSN is ZigBee (or sometimes simply IEEE 802.15.4), and several researchers describe the benefit and ease of use of ZigBee when compared to other communication technologies. Nevertheless, some implementations rely on underwater acoustic communications [Yang et al 2002] or WiFi [Rapousis et al 2015], or consider direct connection between each individual sensor and the remote monitoring station through GSM/GPRS communications [Zhou et al 2012a;Hadjimitsis et al 2009;Rao et al 2013]. Reporting the acquired data from the local to the remote monitoring station is done through cellular communications, either using GPRS [Hadjimitsis et al 2009;Jiang et al 2009;Wang et al 2011;Garcia et al 2012;Capella et al 2013;Faustine et al 2014;Sun et al 2016], 3G [Alkandari et al 2011;O'Connor et al 2012], or 4G [Rao et al 2013].…”

“…Regarding the measured parameters, almost all implementations include temperature and pH. Additionally, many implementations also reported information about DO, conductivity, and turbidity, whereas a few specialized implementations also looked at the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) [Rao et al 2013;Ritter et al 2014;Burke and Allenby 2014;Moon et al 2015], and salinity [Jin et al 2010;Burke and Allenby 2014] or the concentration of chlorine [Alkandari et al 2011;Rapousis et al 2015], phosphate [O'Flyrm et al 2007;Wang et al 2011], nitrate [Wang et al 2011;Tuna et al 2014], or blue-green algae [Murphy et al 2015].…”

“…Wang et al 2011;Yue and Ying 2011], Cyprus[Hadjimitsis et al 2009], Kuwait[Alkandari et al 2011], Greece[Rapousis et al 2015], India[Verma and Prachi 2012;Amruta and Satish 2013;Wagh and Rao 2014;Moon et al 2015], Indonesia…”