Water Quality Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract

Water is essential for human survival. Although approximately 71% of the world is covered in water, only 2.5% of this is fresh water; hence, fresh water is a valuable resource that must be carefully monitored and maintained. In developing countries, 80% of people are without access to potable water. Cholera is still reported in more than 50 countries. In Africa, 75% of the drinking water comes from underground sources, which makes water monitoring an issue of key concern, as water monitoring can be used to track water quality changes over time, identify existing or emerging problems, and design effective intervention programs to remedy water pollution. It is important to have detailed knowledge of potable water quality to enable proper treatment and also prevent contamination. In this article, we review methods for water quality monitoring (WQM) from traditional manual methods to more technologically advanced methods employing wireless sensor networks (WSNs) for in situ WQM. In particular, we highlight recent developments in the sensor devices, data acquisition procedures, communication and network architectures, and power management schemes to maintain a long-lived operational WQM system. Finally, we discuss open issues that need to be addressed to further advance automatic WQM using WSNs.

Underwater optical wireless communications, networking, and localization: A survey

“…In addition, pollution and wreckage detection techniques have been presented to monitor the quality of water [305]. A comprehensive survey of water quality monitoring systems by using sensor networks is presented in [306].…”

The bright side of linking science and management in large river ecosystems: The Hudson River case study

“…Obviously, land‐cover, human infrastructure, vegetation, and physiography are understood to be important variables, and for LR basins, there is a good chance that appropriate data layers derived from remote sensing already exist and might be freely available. Remote sensing of land‐cover and so forth is well established, and now, high‐frequency, automated monitoring of water quality is also becoming more accessible (Adu‐Manu, Tapparello, Heinzelman, Katsriku, & Abdulai, ; Hou et al, ). On the Hudson, there is a network of ~12 real‐time observation sites spread above the head of tide down to NYC allowing scientists, regulators, or other interested parties to watch the behaviour of the Hudson in near‐real time.…”

“…Remote sensing of land-cover and so forth is well established, and now, high-frequency, automated monitoring of water quality is also becoming more accessible (Adu-Manu, Tapparello, Heinzelman, Katsriku, & Abdulai, 2017;Hou et al, 2017). On the Hudson, there is a network of~12 real-time observation sites spread above the head of tide down to NYC allowing scientists, regulators, or other interested parties to watch the behaviour of the Hudson in near-real time.…”

Web Monitoring System of pH Level, Temperature and Color on River Water using Wireless Sensor Network

“…Perkembangan sistem pemantauan kualitas air saat ini cenderung mengarah ke sistem yang berbasis Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), terutama pada pemantauan kualitas air di daerah laut [6], [7]. Selain pemantauan kualitas air laut, sistem pemantauan ketinggian permukaan air sungai maupun air tanah berbasis WSN juga mulai dikembangkan [8].…”

“…Dari penelitian yang sudah dilakukan ini, diharapkan purwarupa yang dibangun dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut menjadi sistem pemantauan kualitas air pada daerah aliran sungai [11] yang siap digunakan. Sistem pemantauan kualitas air dengan menggunakan WSN [6]- [9] pada aliran sungai yang memanjang diharapkan dapat lebih maksimal karena menggunakan topologi mesh [5] yang bersifat multi-hop dibanding dengan menggunakan topologi star yang bersifat single-hop [3], [4].…”