Putting the rights of nature on the map. A quantitative analysis of rights of nature initiatives across the world

Sustainability agreements in agriculture : Horizontal and vertical agreements in agriculture for the benefit of nature, the environment, the climate, animal welfare and the earning capacity of farmers

“…Another issue when calculating the value of nature and biodiversity is whether to include its intrinsic value or only its value for humans. The first line is in line with international developments in which nature and biodiversity are given legal personality and an intrinsic right to protection (Putzer et al, 2022). Protected habitats under the Habitats Directive (92/43 EEC) are an example of this, albeit without formal legal personality, but de facto.…”

Duurzaamheidsafspraken in de landbouw : Horizontale en verticale overeenkomsten in de landbouw ten behoeve van natuur, milieu, klimaat, dierenwelzijn en het verdienvermogen van de agrarisch ondernemer

“…Ook bij het berekenen van de waarde van natuur en biodiversiteit speelt de vraag of de intrinsieke waarde daarvan moet worden meegenomen of enkel de waarde voor de mens. De eerste lijn sluit aan op internationale ontwikkelingen waarin natuur en biodiversiteit rechtspersoonlijkheid krijgen en een intrinsiek recht op bescherming (Putzer et al, 2022). De beschermde habitats onder de Habitatrichtlijn (92/43 EEG) zijn hier een voorbeeld van, zij het zonder formele rechtspersoonlijkheid, maar wel de facto.…”

Riverkin: seizing the moment to remake vital relations in the UK and beyond

“…On 16 February 2021, Quebec's Muteshekau-shipu ('Magpie River') became the latest in a series of rivers to be granted legal personhood-including, in 2017, the Wanghanui River in Aotearoa (New Zealand) (Nixon, 2021;Strang, 2021), in 2016, the Atrato River in Colombia, and in 2019, all rivers in Bangladesh (Eckstein et al, 2019). With rights of nature initiatives currently in place in at least 39 countries (Putzer et al, 2022), campaigns for river personhood are part of a wider global trend-often related to Indigenous struggles-to recognize and grant rights to 'nature' in general (Eckstein et al, 2019;Hall, 2011;O'Donnell, 2017). The overall conception is that just as, over recent centuries, inalienable rights have been extended to an increasingly inclusive range of human kinds, there is no reason, apart from cultural prejudice, that comparable rights should not be extended to nonhumans (Boyd, 2017;Stone, 2010).…”