Pseudoalteromonas phenolica sp. nov., a novel marine bacterium that produces phenolic anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus substances

Abstract

Four strains of aerobic, Gram-negative rods, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, that produced phenolic anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) substances and brown-pigmented colonies, were isolated from sea water. The G+C content of the DNA ranged from 39?9 to 40?6 mol%. The isolates grew at 18-37˚C and pH 6?5-9?5 (optimal pH 7?5-9) and in medium containing 1-5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimal NaCl concentration 2-3?5 %). The isolates grew optimally in medium dissolved in 40-100 % artificial sea water. Based on 16S rDNA similarities, the novel strains were closely related to Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea and Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, with 96?3 and 95?7 % sequence similarity, respectively. However, the strains could be differentiated from P. lutioviolacea by seven traits and from P. piscicida by 10 traits. Analysis of DNA-DNA relatedness to these related species revealed low levels of DNA hybridization (19?6 % to P. luteoviolacea and 22?4 % to P. piscicida). However, the type strain, O-BC30 T , and the other three bacterial isolates showed high DNA relatedness to each other, ranging from 84?8 to 93?7 %. Based on the results of phenotypic characterization, phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization, it is concluded that these isolates represent a novel species in the genus Pseudoalteromonas. Because the type strain, O-BC30 T (=IAM 14989 T =KCTC 12086 T ), produces phenolic anti-MRSA substances, the name proposed for this novel species is Pseudoalteromonas phenolica sp. nov.

Gillisia myxillae sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae, isolated from the marine sponge Myxilla incrustans

“…Growth at different temperatures (4,12,20,28,36, 44 and 52 u C) and pH values (5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) was monitored on marine agar for up to 10 days of incubation. The requirement for NaCl for growth was tested on a 1 % agar medium containing 5 g MgCl 2 , 2 g MgSO 4 , 0?5 g CaCl 2 , 1 g KCl, 5 g peptone and different amounts of NaCl, adjusted to pH 7?5 using KOH (Isnansetyo & Kamei, 2003). Colony and cell morphology were examined using light (640 magnification) and scanning electron microscopy (6700F; JEOL) according to Neu et al (2001) (see Supplementary Fig.…”

Pseudoalteromonas marina sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from tidal flats of the Yellow Sea, and reclassification of Pseudoalteromonas sagamiensis as Algicola sagamiensis comb. nov.

“…nov. mano4 T from other species of the genus Pseudoalteromonas Taxa: 1, P. marina; 2, P. agarivorans; 3, P. aliena; 4, P. antarctica; 5, P. atlantica; 6, P. aurantia; 7, P. carrageenovora; 8, P. citrea; 9, P. denitrificans; 10, P. distincta; 11, P. elyakovii; 12, P. espejiana; 13, P. flavipulchra; 14, P. haloplanktis; 15, P. issachenkonii; 16, P. luteoviolacea; 17, P. maricaloris; 18, P. mariniglutinosa; 19, P. nigrifaciens; 20, P. paragorgicola; 21, P. peptidolytica; 22, P. phenolica; 23, P. piscicida; 24, P. prydzensis; 25, P. rubra; 26, P. ruthenica; 27, P. spongiae; 28, P. tetraodonis; 29, P. translucida; 30, P. tunicata; 31, P. ulvae; 32, P. undina. Data were taken from this study and Ivanova et al (2002cIvanova et al ( , 2004b, Romanenko et al (2003a, b), Isnansetyo & Kamei (2003), Lau et al (2005) and Egan et al (2001) Flagellation* P P P P P P P P P P, L P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P 2 P B P P P Pigmentation 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 + + + 2 2 + 2 2 + + 2 + + + + + 2 + + 2 2 2 + + 2 Growth at/in: 4 uC + 2 + + + + + 2 + 2 + +/2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + + 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + + + + + 37 uC + 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + + + 2 + + + + 2 2 + + + 2 + + + 2 2 2 2 2 1 % NaCl 2 + 2 + 2 + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + 2 + 2 + + + + + 326 % NaCl + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + 8 % NaCl + + 2 + 2 + + + 2 2 + + + + + 2 + + + 2 + 2 + + 2 + 2 + + + 2 + 10 % NaCl + 2 2 + 2 2 + + 2 2 + + + + + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 + + 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 12 % NaCl + 2 2 2 +/2 2 + 2 2 2 2 + + + + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 15 % NaCl 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Production of: Amylase + + + 2 + + 2 + + 2 + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + 2 2 + + ND + Caseinase + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ND + ND + + ND + + + ND + Alginase + + + ND + 2 + ND + + + + ND 2 + ND + + + ND ND 2 ND 2 ND + 2 ND + ND 2 2 Agarase 2 + + 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 Chitinase 2 2 ND 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 + +/2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 ND 2 2 2 ND + DNase + + ND +/2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + ND + Utilization of: D-Glucose + W W + + + + + + + + + + + + + + W + ND + + + + + + + + 2 + + + D-Arabinose 2 2 2 ND ND 2 ND 2 2 ND ND ND 2 ND ND 2 + + ND + 2 2 2 ND 2 2 2 ND + 2 2 ND D-Galactose 2 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 ND 2 + + 2 +/2 + 2 + + + + 2 2 + +/2 2 2 2 + + + ND 2 Maltose + + W + + 2 + 2 + 2 + + + + + 2 + + + + + + 2 + + 2 + + 2 2 + + Melibiose + 2 2 + + 2 + 2 ND + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Lactose 2 2 ND + + 2 + + 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 D-Mannitol 2 2 W + + 2 + 2 2 2 + +/2 2 +/2 + 2 + + +/2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 2 2 + 2 ND +/2 Sorbitol 2 ND 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 + ND 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ND 2 2 2 Citrate 2 2 2 + + 2 + 2 ND + 2 + + + + 2 + + + 2 2 2 + + 2 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 Xylose 2 2 2 ND 2 2 2 2 ND 2 + + 2 2 2 2 2 2 + ND ND 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 L-Tyrosine + ND 2 ND 2 2 + + + 2 2 + + + ND ND 2 ND + 2 ND 2 ND +/2 2 2 ND + ND ND ND + http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 13 Pseudoalteromonas marina sp. nov.…”

Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica sp. nov., isolated from the Yangtze River estuary

“…They are motile by a single polar flagellum and have a chemoheterotrophic metabolism (Bowman & McMeekin, 2005). At the time of writing, the genus Pseudoalteromonas comprises 34 species with validly published names (Gauthier et al, 1995;Ivanova et al, 1996Ivanova et al, , 1998Ivanova et al, , 2000Ivanova et al, , 2001 Ivanova et al, , 2002a Ivanova et al, , b, c, d, 2004Bozal et al, 1997; Euzéby, 1997;Bowman, 1998; Holmström et al, 1998; Sawabe et al, 2000;Venkateswaran & Dohmoto, 2000;Egan et al, 2001;Isnansetyo & Kamei, 2003; Romanenko et al, 2003a, b;Lau et al, 2005;Park et al, 2005;Nam et al, 2007;Al Khudary et al, 2008). Some strains produce yellow, red, violet or melanin-like pigments and have the ability to form antibiotic substances (Bowman, 2007).…”