Pruning methods to restore Castanea sativa stands attacked by Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Maltoni, Alberto; Mariotti, Barbara; Jacobs, Douglass F.; Tani, Andrea

doi:10.1007/s11056-012-9323-y

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Pruning and grafting practices should be modified to reduce plant susceptibility. Thus, we are testing a pruning method focused on developing new vegetative organs outside the period of adult gall wasp activity that consider the pruning timing (Maltoni et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

Maltoni¹,

Mariotti²,

Tani³

2012

iForest

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Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a new chestnut pest that is causing a serious problem worldwide. This gall wasp causes severe infestations of Italian Castanea sativa stands, which lowers their productivity. The most effective method for controlling gall wasp infestations is to introduce the parasitoid, Torymus sinensis, although experience shows that it can be 6-18 years before it is effective in reducing the infestation to acceptable levels. From a silvicultural point of view, it is important to reduce the damage as rapidly as possible to maintain plant vigour and fruit production, thereby avoiding chestnut stand degradation and abandonment before biological control is effective. This study analyzed the damage caused by Dryocosmus kuriphilus during normal plant development and detected differences in plant susceptibility, irrespective of genetic factors. Data were collected from a young Castanea sativa coppice stand in Tuscany (Italy) where damage was evaluated during the 2010 growing season. The study consisted of two phases: (1) classification of the damages caused by galls; and (2) studying the galls and damage distribution effects on different vigour chestnut sprouts to determine whether there were preferred oviposition sites or different degrees of susceptibility to gall wasp attack depending on a plant's physiological state. The D. kuriphilus damage classification scale was based on two factors: damage position (the vegetative organ attacked) and damage effect (abnormal organ development caused by galls). This classification included damage types that had not been previously described in literature. The statistical analysis identified differences in damage susceptibility in terms of: axis (stem or branches), plant organs (shoots, leaves, or buds), position of the attacked node (high or low region of the axis), and sprout vigour. Information on the D. kuriphilus damage distribution and its effect on plants with different levels vigour can be used to develop suitable cultural practices that could reduce the negative impact of this insect on fruit and wood production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

Maltoni¹,

Mariotti²,

Tani³

2012

iForest

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“…According to Maltoni et al (2012b), applying targeted pruning techniques may contribute to temporary mitigate gall wasp damage by artificially accelerate the development of new healthy shoots. Open remains the question if manuring of particularly valuable individuals (e.g.…”

Section: Gall Wasp Damage Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This causes a progressive loss of the photosynthetic biomass (galled shoots have a reduced leaf area; Kato and Hijii 1997), a decrease in tree vigour (Kato and Hijii 1997) and an increase in branch mortality due to gall wasp post-emergence fungal attacks (Turchetti et al 2010;Meyer et al 2015). Although mortality only occurs in cases of severe damage on young plantlets or weak plants (Kato and Hijii 1997;Cooper and Rieske 2007), D. kuriphilus attacks can strongly reduce the quality and quantity of timber (Kato and Hijii 1997;Maltoni et al 2012b), nuts (Battisti et al 2014), flowers and chestnut honey production (Conedera and Gehring 2015). The pest can be successfully controlled biologically through its natural enemy, the parasitoid Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which is also native to mainland China (Moriya et al 1989;Moriya and Adachi 2003;Quacchia et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…has focused on various aspects. These include insect biology (Viggiani and Nugnes 2010;Bernardo et al 2013), host-gall wasp interactions (Germinara et al 2011;Panzavolta et al 2012), biological (Quacchia et al 2008) and mechanical control (Maltoni et al 2012b;Turchetti et al 2012), identification of less susceptible C. sativa genotypes (Dini et al 2012;Sartor et al 2015), visual crown damage assessment (Guyot et al 2015), damage description and classification (Maltoni et al 2012a). In this context, and based on the experience of prior Japanese research, a number of different methods for the assessment of infestation degree (MAID) have been implemented and used (Kotobuki et al 1985;Matošević et al 2010;Sartor et al 2015) (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the impact of Dryocosmus kuriphilus on the chestnut tree: branch architecture matters

et al. 2017

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Dryocosmus kuriphilus has become a major issue for chestnut (Castanea sativa) cultivation since its introduction in Europe. Thus far, however, quantitative assessments of the impact of D. kuriphilus in terms of green biomass loss are lacking. In the present study, we used the leaf area to sapwood area relationship (A L :A S )-based on the pipe model approach as a green biomass indicator-to quantitatively estimate the damage to chestnut trees caused by D. kuriphilus attacks and its recovery when the pest is controlled by Torymus sinensis in the chestnut stands of southern Switzerland. Leaf area loss is used as a response variable to select the most suitable explanatory architectural features at branch level to be combined in a damage index that permits a realistic assessment covering the entire epidemic. In our case study, the peak of the epidemic was reached in the fourth year of repeated D. kuriphilus attacks (leaf area losses exceeding 70%) with significant alterations in branch architecture. Although damage symptoms first decreased once biological control was reached (fifth year), branch architecture recovery was still lacking. From a methodological point of view, our A L :A S approach highlights how traditional methods of assessing the degree of infestation (i.e. proportion of attacked buds) fail to give sound estimations of resulting damage, whereas the proposed composite damage index enables a more realistic assessment of the entire epidemic process, including the recovery phase when the gall wasp is biologically controlled.Keywords Castanea sativa Á Leaf area-sapwood area ratio Á Branch architecture Á Tree damage Á Torymus sinensis Key message• Quantitative estimation of leaf area loss and tree damage due to repeated gall wasp attacks is still lacking. • We used a pipe model approach to estimate the loss in green biomass and related tree damage. • We propose a new damage composite index (DCI) that facilitates a realistic assessment of tree damage during the entire epidemic process. • The DCI may help calibrating the epidemic control measures based on the branch architecture corruption severity. Communicated by A. Battisti.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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“…Bu yöntem kestane gal arısının yumurta bırakma zamanında ağacın sürgünlerinin budanmasına ve böylece yumurta bırakma yerini tamamen ortadan kaldırmaya dayanmaktadır. Bu dönemde yapılan budamanın ağaç büyümesini teşvik ettiği de gözlenmiştir (Maltoni et al 2012a, b;Battisti et al, 2013). Turchetti et al (2012) bu yöntemin organik gübre kullanımıyla takviye edilmesini önermiştir.…”

Section: Fidanlıklarda Mekanik Ve Kültürel Mücadeleunclassified

Kestane Gal Arısı Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): geçmişten günümüze dünyada ve Türkiye’deki son durumu ve mücadelesi

İpekdal¹,

Coşkuncu²,

Aytar³

et al. 2015

Türk. entomol. bült.

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The most important insect pest of chestnut, chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) was detected in April 2014 in Yalova and Bursa Regions in Turkey. The invasion probably started at least six years ago and it is expected to reach all the Turkish chestnut forests in a very near future. Its management is a hard task. Chemical insecticides are mostly unsuccessful and not preferred. Some cultural measures could be taken in private orchards. The most successful method so far has been producing and releasing the parasitoid Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). After the pest's first record in Turkey, a laboratory for rearing T. sinensis has been built in Yalova by the Turkish General Directorate of Forestry Department of Forest Pest Management and it is going to be activated soon. Chestnut gall wasp has an important component of its community as being in interaction mainly with oak gall wasps and their parasitoids. 11 parasitoid species has already been found in chestnut gall wasp galls in Turkey. This system will get even more complicated and interesting for community ecology studies with addition of T. sinensis. As a general principle, structuring a successful pest management study depends on understanding potential impacts of the control measures at the ecosystem and community level. Chestnut gall wasp system is not an exception to this principle. This review summarizes the relevant literature and puts forth a road map for future pest management and research activities in Turkey.

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Pruning methods to restore Castanea sativa stands attacked by Dryocosmus kuriphilus

Cited by 20 publications

References 28 publications

Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

Assessing the impact of Dryocosmus kuriphilus on the chestnut tree: branch architecture matters

Kestane Gal Arısı Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): geçmişten günümüze dünyada ve Türkiye’deki son durumu ve mücadelesi

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