Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

Maltoni, Alberto; Mariotti, Barbara; Tani, Andrea

doi:10.3832/ifor0598-008

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…2). This is consistent with previous observations by Maltoni et al (2012), who found that vigorous chestnut trees are more attacked than dominated or weak chestnuts. These results suggest that taller, more apparent and more vigorous trees are preferred by female ACGW for laying eggs.…”

Section: Acgw Infestation Rates Depend On Tree Neighbour Identitysupporting

confidence: 94%

“…its populations are composed only by females which reproduce asexually once a year). At the time of chestnut bud-burst (around mid-April), ACGW larvae induce the formation of galls on different vegetative organs (Maltoni et al 2012) within which they feed, develop and pupate. Between mid-June and midAugust adults hatch from the galls and lay eggs in new developing chestnut buds.…”

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp

et al. 2017

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Theory predicts that mixed forests are more resistant to native pests than pure forests (i.e. associational resistance) because of reduced host accessibility and increased top-down control by natural enemies. Yet, whether the same mechanisms also apply to invasive pests remains to be verified. We tested the hypothesis of associational resistance against the invasive Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW, Dryocosmus kuriphilus) by comparing ACGW infestation rates on chestnuts (Castanea sativa) in stands varying in species composition (chestnut alone or associated with oaks, pines or ashes). We investigated the effects of reduced chestnut density and frequency in mixed stands, as well as the effect of biotic interactions between ACGW, its parasitoids and the chestnut blight disease (caused by Cryphonectria parasitica). ACGW infestation rates were significantly lower in chestnut-oak and chestnut-ash mixtures than in pure chestnut stands and chestnut-pine mixtures. Infestation rate decreased with decreasing chestnut relative proportion. The composition of native parasitoid communities emerged from galls significantly differed between pure and mixed chestnut stands, but not the species richness or abundance of parasitoids. The abundance of the introduced parasitoid Torymus sinensis was not correlated with ACGW infestation rates and was independent of stand composition. Blight symptoms modified ACGW infestation rates with taller trees being preferred when they were asymptomatic but avoided when they presented blight disease damage. Our results suggest that conservation biological control based on tree species mixtures could contribute to reducing the damage of invasive forest pests.Excepting for the first and last authors, the order of authors is alphabetical.

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Section: Acgw Infestation Rates Depend On Tree Neighbour Identitysupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Study Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp

et al. 2017

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“…D. kuriphilus galling activity results in preventing or inhibiting the development of normal shoots and in the production of abnormal plant structures (Maltoni et al 2012a). This causes a progressive loss of the photosynthetic biomass (galled shoots have a reduced leaf area; Kato and Hijii 1997), a decrease in tree vigour (Kato and Hijii 1997) and an increase in branch mortality due to gall wasp post-emergence fungal attacks (Turchetti et al 2010;Meyer et al 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…has focused on various aspects. These include insect biology (Viggiani and Nugnes 2010;Bernardo et al 2013), host-gall wasp interactions (Germinara et al 2011;Panzavolta et al 2012), biological (Quacchia et al 2008) and mechanical control (Maltoni et al 2012b;Turchetti et al 2012), identification of less susceptible C. sativa genotypes (Dini et al 2012;Sartor et al 2015), visual crown damage assessment (Guyot et al 2015), damage description and classification (Maltoni et al 2012a). In this context, and based on the experience of prior Japanese research, a number of different methods for the assessment of infestation degree (MAID) have been implemented and used (Kotobuki et al 1985;Matošević et al 2010;Sartor et al 2015) (Table 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of Dryocosmus kuriphilus on the chestnut tree: branch architecture matters

et al. 2017

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Dryocosmus kuriphilus has become a major issue for chestnut (Castanea sativa) cultivation since its introduction in Europe. Thus far, however, quantitative assessments of the impact of D. kuriphilus in terms of green biomass loss are lacking. In the present study, we used the leaf area to sapwood area relationship (A L :A S )-based on the pipe model approach as a green biomass indicator-to quantitatively estimate the damage to chestnut trees caused by D. kuriphilus attacks and its recovery when the pest is controlled by Torymus sinensis in the chestnut stands of southern Switzerland. Leaf area loss is used as a response variable to select the most suitable explanatory architectural features at branch level to be combined in a damage index that permits a realistic assessment covering the entire epidemic. In our case study, the peak of the epidemic was reached in the fourth year of repeated D. kuriphilus attacks (leaf area losses exceeding 70%) with significant alterations in branch architecture. Although damage symptoms first decreased once biological control was reached (fifth year), branch architecture recovery was still lacking. From a methodological point of view, our A L :A S approach highlights how traditional methods of assessing the degree of infestation (i.e. proportion of attacked buds) fail to give sound estimations of resulting damage, whereas the proposed composite damage index enables a more realistic assessment of the entire epidemic process, including the recovery phase when the gall wasp is biologically controlled.Keywords Castanea sativa Á Leaf area-sapwood area ratio Á Branch architecture Á Tree damage Á Torymus sinensis Key message• Quantitative estimation of leaf area loss and tree damage due to repeated gall wasp attacks is still lacking. • We used a pipe model approach to estimate the loss in green biomass and related tree damage. • We propose a new damage composite index (DCI) that facilitates a realistic assessment of tree damage during the entire epidemic process. • The DCI may help calibrating the epidemic control measures based on the branch architecture corruption severity. Communicated by A. Battisti.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (

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“…It has been shown that traditional treatments (pruning methods or protection of immature twigs with nets) are impractical solutions for large-scale use (Maltoni et al 2012;Payne et al 1975;Zhang et al 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi associated with necrotic galls of <i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i> (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in northern Spain

Fernández¹,

García²,

Casero³

2018

Silva Fenn.

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Highlights• Presence of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Northern Spain.• The mycobiota associated to necrotic galls was studied for the first time.• 7 fungal species were identified.• The entomopathogenic fungi found could be use as potential biological control agents.• Gnomomiopsis smithogilvyi, Fusarium oxysporum and F. avenaceum known by their toxicity against the insect, were found. AbstractThe Asian chestnut gall wasp (ACGW), Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is one of the most important pests in Castanea species worldwide. In 2012, it was found for the first time in Catalonia (Spain) and a year later, in the north of Spain (Cantabria). Today, it is present in 14 Spanish provinces. In search of biological control against the ACGW, several authors have previously found the relationship between the presence of some Fusarium Link species in necrotic galls and wasp mortality due to the production of different types of wall-degrading enzymes and entomopathogenic mycotoxins. The objective of this study was to investigate the mycobiota associated with necrotic galls to find interesting perspectives for biological control of the ACGW. For this purpose, in 2014, 119 necrotic galls of Castanea sativa Miller were plated to isolate and identify the associated fungi. The fungal isolates were identified by the morphology of the fruiting bodies and DNA analyses. From necrotic galls, 7 species of fungi were identified. Of these, we highlight three species of Fusarium Link as well as the presence of Gnomoniopsis smithogilvyi Shuttlew, Liew & Guest due to its toxic capacity. Further studies are required to verify the effectiveness of these fungal species as biocontrol agents against the ACGW.

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Case study of a new method for the classification and analysis of Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu damage to young chestnut sprouts

Cited by 24 publications

References 14 publications

Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp

Plant neighbour identity and invasive pathogen infection affect associational resistance to an invasive gall wasp

Assessing the impact of Dryocosmus kuriphilus on the chestnut tree: branch architecture matters

Fungi associated with necrotic galls of <i>Dryocosmus kuriphilus</i> (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in northern Spain

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