Kestane Gal Arısı Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae): geçmişten günümüze dünyada ve Türkiye’deki son durumu ve mücadelesi

Abstract

The most important insect pest of chestnut, chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) was detected in April 2014 in Yalova and Bursa Regions in Turkey. The invasion probably started at least six years ago and it is expected to reach all the Turkish chestnut forests in a very near future. Its management is a hard task. Chemical insecticides are mostly unsuccessful and not preferred. Some cultural measures could be taken in private orchards. The most successful method so far has been producing and releasing the parasitoid Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae). After the pest's first record in Turkey, a laboratory for rearing T. sinensis has been built in Yalova by the Turkish General Directorate of Forestry Department of Forest Pest Management and it is going to be activated soon. Chestnut gall wasp has an important component of its community as being in interaction mainly with oak gall wasps and their parasitoids. 11 parasitoid species has already been found in chestnut gall wasp galls in Turkey. This system will get even more complicated and interesting for community ecology studies with addition of T. sinensis. As a general principle, structuring a successful pest management study depends on understanding potential impacts of the control measures at the ecosystem and community level. Chestnut gall wasp system is not an exception to this principle. This review summarizes the relevant literature and puts forth a road map for future pest management and research activities in Turkey.

Aydın ve İzmir İllerindeki Kestane Üreticilerine Yönelik Durum Tespiti

“…Ayrıca rüzgar faktörü de zararlının yayılma uzaklığını ve hızını etkileyebilmektedir. Yıllık yayılma hızının ortalama 25 km (Rieske, 2007;Graziosi ve Santi, 2008) olarak bildirilen zararlının, kişisel görüşme neticesinde İtalya'da rüzgar ve diğer taşınma yollarına da bağlı olarak 100 km/yıl gibi yüksek bir yayılma hızına ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir (İpekdal, Coşkuncu, Aytar, Doğanlar, 2014). Zararlının bölgemize bulaşık fidanlar vasıtasıyla geldiği düşünülmektedir.…”

“…Şimdiye kadar en başarılı olan yöntem Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) adlı parazitoidin bahçelere salınması olmuştur. Başarılı bir mücadele yaklaşımı geliştirmek için zararlının ve mücadele yöntemlerinin ekosistem ve komünite düzeyindeki etkilerinin anlaşılması gerekmektedir (İpekdal, Coşkuncu, Aytar, Doğanlar, 2014 ). Kestane gal arısını sadece tespit edildiği bölgelerdeki çiftçiler bilmekte ve mücadele etmeye çalışmaktadır.…”

Fungi associated with necrotic and asymptomatic galls of Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and the adults of its parasitoid Torymus sinensis in chestnut growing areas of Turkey

“…Various pests and diseases affect the growth of this tree. The Chestnut Gall Wasp (CGW) Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), included in A2 Quarantine list of EPPO, is a serious pest on this tree (Battisti et al., 2014; Ding et al., 2004; EPPO, 2005; İpekdal et al., 2014). CGW is native to China, and as a pest on chestnuts, it was first recorded in 2002 in Italy.…”

“…Later, it was recorded in many European countries (EPPO, 2023). In Turkey, the pest was first recorded in Yalova province in 2014 (Çetin et al., 2014), and nowadays, it is present in many chestnut‐growing areas in the country (Azmaz & Katılmış, 2020; İpekdal et al., 2014; Mıcık et al., 2021).…”