Protozoölogy

Calkins, Gary N.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.1998

Cited by 6 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Xi. i, intermediate zone; 2, lip; 3, siphonoglyph; 4, gullet; 5, inner edge of gullet; 6, edge of mesentery; 7, cavity of tentacle; 8, inner ostium; 9, outer ostium; 10, primary mesentery; n, muscle band on primary mesentery; 12, abnormal tertiary mesentery; 13, secondary mesentery; 14, tertiary mesentery; 15, quaternary mesentery; 16, reproductive gland; 17, mesenterial filament; 18, opening for mesenterial filament.…”

Section: Poriferamentioning

confidence: 99%

Outlines of economic zoölogy, by Albert M. Reese ... with 194 illustrations.

Reese¹

1919

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West Virginia C:ttit.ersify, dforgantown FOUR FIGURESThe literature of teratology contains rnaiiy descriptions of inonsterh among the domestic animals. Of these cases, two or three, that most closely resemble the present example, will be described.Pilcher ('80) describes a single-headed, double-bodied, female pup which died a t birth. The body fusion here extended to the umbilicus.It had a single umbilical cord, and a 'compound' liver. The stomach and the first two-thirds of the small intestine were single, then the intestine 1)ifurcated and was double to the end. The urogenital systems were indepcndent and coniph~tc for etich body. There were two perftact sets of lungs.Thcre was no trace of duplicity in the head though the necks were distinct. The thorax was conipountl, the sternum and ventral ends of the ribs of each side being so rcflec~tcvl and fused with the corresponding parts of the other as to form one cavity with forty-eight ribs. Thcre wcre four complete anterior appendages, and the postr3rior appendages and pelves were distinct and perfect.Darcste ('52) describes a cat in which t h r division took place a t the base of the tail, so that there were two iiorrnal tails and four normal hind legs. The specimen being badly preserved no disscction, except that of the skeleton, was made.Gurlt ('32) describes, among numeroils other domestic aniinals, a cat with a singlc head and two hadies. This cat had two anterior and four posterior appcndages. Tlw rectum, cae(wn, and caudal part of the ileum mere double; the rest o f the intestincl, the stomach, the trachea, the thyroid, and the heart were singlc. The right kidney was in the right side of the body, the left kidney in the left siclc. There were two aortic arches, two pancreases, and two livcrs, thc right liver being incomplete. The right lung was rudimentary.The hearts were fused. EXTERNAL AYATOMYNothing is known of the history of thc cat which is almiit to he described; it ~v a s found, in a jar of alcohol, by the author, on taking charge of the department. 3SY LITERATURE CITED DARESTE, C. 1852 MBmoir6 sur un chat ileadelphe a t6te moirstrueusc. An-GURLT, E. P. 1831-32 Lehrbuch der pathologischen .41iatomie der Hnusseiige-PILCHER, L. S. 1880 Double monsters. Annals of the Anat,omical and Surgi-nales d. Sciences naturelles: Zoologie, vol. 18, pp. 81-94. thiere (with atlas). Berlin. cal Society of Brooklyn, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19-37.

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Section: Poriferamentioning

confidence: 99%

Outlines of economic zoölogy, by Albert M. Reese ... with 194 illustrations.

Reese¹

1919

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“…To insure preservation it is usually necessary that the organism have some protective structure, such as the shell of a clam, the bones of a reptile, or the woody fiber of a tree, which upon the death of the animal or plant resists decay for a much longer time than do the softer portions. Usually the less fibrous plants and the softer parts of animalsepithelium, nerves, muscles, and even cartilage and hornquickly suffer decay AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS replacement, to the formation of external molds or to the process of carbonization (page 13).…”

Section: Fossilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The same species may vary much in size '' due solely to the lack of food in the one case." A living species of Dileptus varied from a proportional length of 80 when normal to 10 when starved (13). Type of phylum, Amceba proteus (living) (Fig.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An introduction to the study of fossils (plants and animals) / by Hervey Woodburn Shimer.

Shimer¹

1921

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General survey of class . AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS INTRODUCTION ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATTERMatter is either organic or inorganic. Organic matter is arranged in the form of a plant or animal body, and is so called because it is made up of various organs such as those for eating, breathing and reproduction. In the lowest organisms the entire body forms but a single organ. When matter is not thus organized, as in air, earth and water, it is called inorganic. Food in the shape of lifeless matter, including many inorganic substances and those organic substances in which all the organs have ceased functioning, is absorbed by functioning organisms, and in some manner, not understood, is transformed by them into living matter, that is, into protoplasm. For protoplasm is the only living matter, and through its activity is built up such supporting and protecting tissues as the cellulose of plants, the bone and shell of animals.Protoplasm, whether plant or animal, has the following properties which distinguish it from lifeless matter, (i) Chemically it always contains proteids or albumins,complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. It contains, on the average, of carbon 52 per cent, of hydrogen 7 per cent, of nitrogen 16 per cent, of oxygen 23 per cent and of sulfur 0.5-2.0 per cent. The nucleoproteids, found in the cell nuclei, contain also a small amount of phosphorus. (The 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS white of an egg is almost pure proteid plus much water.)(2) Physiologically it has the power of waste and repair, of growth and of reproduction.Living organisms waste away by oxidation, a kind of internal combustion, but continually repair this waste by additions between the existing molecules. If this addition is greater than that necessary for repair, growth occurs. (Inorganic substances, on the other hand, such as crystals, grow solely by external addition.)Living bodies likewise detach portions of themselves, which thus acquire independent existence and develop into the form of the parent. PLANTS AND ANIMALS DISTINGUISHEDPlants and animals differ fundamentally in their food ; the former usually feed upon inorganic, and the latter upon organic matter. As a result of this, plants tend to a life of immobility, deriving their food from the soil, water and air about them.They accomplish this through the agency of the sun's rays, which, working through the green coloring matter,chlorophyl, combine the unorganized elements into the complex products,proteids, carbohydrates and fats. Animals, on the other hand, as a result of searching for their food, tend to a life of mobility, deriving their food from plants or other animals ; hence chlorophyl is absent, and as a consequence of its absence starch is not manufactured and thus cellulose is likewise wanting.(All animals have freedom of movement at some period of their lives, even those sessile w^hen adult, as the sponge, coral and barnacle, can move from place to place in their embryonic life.) These differences between plan...

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“…Cytoplasmic vacuoles, first noted by Leeuwenhoek over 200 years ago (1), are among the most frequently encountered structural changes associated with cell injury (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). In spite of the large number of observations, the processes responsible for their formation have remained obscure (9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CELLULAR INJURY IN VITRO: PHASE CONTRAST STUDIES ON INJURED CYTOPLASM

Buckley

1962

The Journal of Cell Biology

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Unfixed, comprcsscd acinar cclls of rat pancrcas, isolatcd by mcchanical and cnzymatic means, wcrc cxamincd by phasc microscopy and photomicrographcd using 35 mm film and electronic flash illumination. Similarly, obscrvations wcrc madc on Walkcr carcinoma cclls; in addition, thcsc cells wcrc trcatcd with solutions containing cithcr phosphatidasc A or cnzymc inhibitors. Acinar cells contained, bcsidcs nuclei, pcrinuclcar droplets and sccrction granulcs, various membranous and vacuolar structurcs. The basal cytoplasm showed parallel dark lines intcrprctcd as cndoplasmic rcticulum. In somc cells, fragmentation of thc rcticulum was followed by thc direct incorporation of fragmcnts into simple myclin figures. In othcr cells it appcarcd that phasc-luccnt linear structures and vacuoles wcrc derived by dilatation of cistcrnae of thc cndoplasmic rcticulum. Pcrlnuclcar fluid collections arose cithcr by dilation of the pcrinuclcar cistcrnac of the cndoplasmic rcticulum or by fluid dilatation of thc nuclear cnvclopc. Phosphatidasc A disrupted early vacuolcs of Walker carcinoma cclls. From this and thc direct involvcmcnt of elcmcnts of the cndoplasmic rcticulum in myclin figurcs, it was concludcd that the membranes limiting thc cndoplasmic rcticulum incorporate phosphatidcs in continuous layers. Whilc many scvcrcly injured cells formcd large vacuolcs, others developed concentrically laminatcd myclin figures; it was concludcd that both types of structure dcrivcd from phosphatidcs libcratcd intraccllularly, the vacuolcs by vesicular myelin figure formation.

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Protozoölogy

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Outlines of economic zoölogy, by Albert M. Reese ... with 194 illustrations.

Outlines of economic zoölogy, by Albert M. Reese ... with 194 illustrations.

An introduction to the study of fossils (plants and animals) / by Hervey Woodburn Shimer.

CELLULAR INJURY IN VITRO: PHASE CONTRAST STUDIES ON INJURED CYTOPLASM

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