An introduction to the study of fossils (plants and animals) / by Hervey Woodburn Shimer.

Abstract

General survey of class . AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS INTRODUCTION ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MATTERMatter is either organic or inorganic. Organic matter is arranged in the form of a plant or animal body, and is so called because it is made up of various organs such as those for eating, breathing and reproduction. In the lowest organisms the entire body forms but a single organ. When matter is not thus organized, as in air, earth and water, it is called inorganic. Food in the shape of lifeless matter, including many inorganic substances and those organic substances in which all the organs have ceased functioning, is absorbed by functioning organisms, and in some manner, not understood, is transformed by them into living matter, that is, into protoplasm. For protoplasm is the only living matter, and through its activity is built up such supporting and protecting tissues as the cellulose of plants, the bone and shell of animals.Protoplasm, whether plant or animal, has the following properties which distinguish it from lifeless matter, (i) Chemically it always contains proteids or albumins,complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. It contains, on the average, of carbon 52 per cent, of hydrogen 7 per cent, of nitrogen 16 per cent, of oxygen 23 per cent and of sulfur 0.5-2.0 per cent. The nucleoproteids, found in the cell nuclei, contain also a small amount of phosphorus. (The 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF FOSSILS white of an egg is almost pure proteid plus much water.)(2) Physiologically it has the power of waste and repair, of growth and of reproduction.Living organisms waste away by oxidation, a kind of internal combustion, but continually repair this waste by additions between the existing molecules. If this addition is greater than that necessary for repair, growth occurs. (Inorganic substances, on the other hand, such as crystals, grow solely by external addition.)Living bodies likewise detach portions of themselves, which thus acquire independent existence and develop into the form of the parent. PLANTS AND ANIMALS DISTINGUISHEDPlants and animals differ fundamentally in their food ; the former usually feed upon inorganic, and the latter upon organic matter. As a result of this, plants tend to a life of immobility, deriving their food from the soil, water and air about them.They accomplish this through the agency of the sun's rays, which, working through the green coloring matter,chlorophyl, combine the unorganized elements into the complex products,proteids, carbohydrates and fats. Animals, on the other hand, as a result of searching for their food, tend to a life of mobility, deriving their food from plants or other animals ; hence chlorophyl is absent, and as a consequence of its absence starch is not manufactured and thus cellulose is likewise wanting.(All animals have freedom of movement at some period of their lives, even those sessile w^hen adult, as the sponge, coral and barnacle, can move from place to place in their embryonic life.) These differences between plan...

Foreign Electoral Interference: Normative Implications in Light of International Law, Human Rights, and Democratic Theory

“…77 See Shimer 2020, 23. 78 On the Comintern, the Cominform, the KGB, and their role in the USSR's activities around foreign electoral interference see Shimer 2020, 15-22. 79 Shimer 2020.…”

Das Verbot von extremistischen Organisationen im schweizerischen Recht - Verfassungsrechtliche Voraussetzungen und Rechtsgrundlagen

“…77 See Shimer 2020, 23. 78 On the Comintern, the Cominform, the KGB, and their role in the USSR's activities around foreign electoral interference see Shimer 2020, 15-22. 79 Shimer 2020.…”

Sunshine Laws in Higher Education

“…It is not unusual for controversy to arise when institutions detail the purposes or donors of newly announced campus initiatives. 23 In rare cases, courts might instruct institutions to reveal the specifics of gifts made by donors requesting anonymity. 24 Donors with particular political or economic viewpoints may use their donations to encourage acceptance of their perspectives on campuses.…”