Protoporphyrin-sensitized degradable bismuth nanoformulations for enhanced sonodynamic oncotherapy

Tumor Microenvironment‐Related Sonodynamic Therapy Mediates Tumor Therapy

“…Alleviating hypoxia can effectively reduce the level of HIF-1𝛼 to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis, which can be used as an important direction to improve the therapeutic effect of SDT. This requires that the design of sonosensitizers Consumption of GSH LiPTD NPs, HSIPT-NPs, Pt-Cy, HCIr, P-NBOF [181,182,183,184,185] Catalytic CDT FePS3-PEGNSS, ZnO NPs [12,186] Reverse immunosuppression MoOX-PEG [86] GSH-response Reverse immunosuppression H-Pys-HA@M/R, MRP, THPP-Oxa(IV)-PEG [89,187,188] Block the blood flow of cancer 𝛼MM@PLT [92] Consumption of GSH P-DOA NPs [189] Consumption of GSH, Catalytic CDT, pH-response CCC NPs [38] CAT-like activity CSI@Ex-A [190] should aim to not only induce the production of ROS but also effectively promote the production of O 2 in the tumor or carry O 2 .…”

An Ultrasound-Activated Nanozyme Sonosensitizer for Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Breast Cancer Sonodynamic and Starvation Combination Therapy

“…Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an interesting strategy for tumor treatment, which possesses a series of advantages, such as being safe, noninvasive, and highly penetrating. − The main therapeutic mechanism of SDT is that sonosensitizers absorb ultrasound (US) energy to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress to cells. − Therefore, the performance of the sonosensitizer greatly influences the therapeutic effect of SDT. − Conventional organic sonosensitizers, such as hematoporphyrin, convert oxygen (O 2 ) into singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). − However, this type of sonosensitizers inevitably suffers from disadvantages, such as poor water solubility and poor stability. , Compared with organic sonosensitizers, inorganic sonosensitizers excel in enhancing the therapeutic effect of SDT due to their unique physical properties, such as stability and operability. , Moreover, some inorganic sonosensitizers not only convert O 2 to 1 O 2 but also break down water to produce hydroxyl radicals (·OH). − For example, gold-based nanoparticles have been reported to exhibit sonodynamic effects by the cavitation effect . Alginate-coated Au nanorods could produce 1 O 2 and ·OH for SDT, and the production and collapse of gas bubbles further enhance the cavitation effect .…”

Acid-Responsive Bismuth Heterojunction Nanocatalyst for Photocatalytic and Photothermal Treatment of Tumors

“…19,20 The anoxic environment in the TME leads to the overexpression of glutathione (GSH), which dramatically reduces the efficacy of the catalyst and hinders the realization of efficient exogenous stimulative catalytic therapy. 21,22 Hence, nanocatalysts with higher selectivity and catalytic activity are required. 23 Various strategies have been devised to enhance the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in nanocatalysts.…”

“…The anoxic environment in the TME leads to the overexpression of glutathione (GSH), which dramatically reduces the efficacy of the catalyst and hinders the realization of efficient exogenous stimulative catalytic therapy. , Hence, nanocatalysts with higher selectivity and catalytic activity are required . Various strategies have been devised to enhance the efficiency of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in nanocatalysts. − Among them, one of the most prevalent and effective methods is to construct heterojunction structures, which can significantly improve the separation efficiency of electrons and holes by modulating the band potential of nanocatalysts and creating defective oxygen vacancies, thereby achieving ROS generation performance. − Moreover, heterojunction nanomaterials can improve catalytic materials’ stability and endow them with better functions than their components while preserving their original characteristics, resulting in a synergistic enhancement effect. ,,, …”