Protocol Development for Point Clouds, Triangulated Meshes and Parametric Model Acquisition and Integration in an HBIM Workflow for Change Control and Management in a UNESCO’s World Heritage Site

Abstract

This article illustrates a data acquisition methodological process based on Structure from Motion (SfM) processing confronted with terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and integrated into a Historic Building Information Model (HBIM) for architectural Heritage’s management. This process was developed for the documentation of Cáceres’ Almohad wall bordering areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The case study’s aim was the analysis, management and control of a large urban area where the urban growth had absorbed the wall, making it physically inaccessible. The methodology applied was the combination of: clouds and meshes obtained by SfM; with images acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and Single Lens Reflex (SLR) and terrestrial photogrammetry; and finally, with clouds obtained by TLS. The outcome was a smart-high-quality three-dimensional study model of the inaccessible urban area. The final result was two-fold. On one side, there was a methodological result, a low cost and accurate smart work procedure to obtain a three-dimensional parametric HBIM model that integrates models obtained by remote sensing. On the other side, a patrimonial result involved the discovery of a XII century wall’s section, that had supposedly been lost, that was hidden among the residential buildings. The article covers the survey campaign carried out by the research team and the techniques applied.

Research hotspots and trends in heritage building information modeling: A review based on CiteSpace analysis

“…The analysis of information mapped by this cluster leads to the main research results of HBIM in the field of semiautomatic 3D modeling using terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and 3D Time-of-Flight (TOF) technology for digital documentation of historical buildings and 3D model creation of complex structures (Altuntas et al, 2016;Croce et al, 2021;Jose Lopez et al, 2017;Masciotta et al, 2022;Noor et al, 2020). The ground-based laser scanner (TLS) and UAV unmanned aerial system (Xu et al, 2014(Xu et al, , 2016 capture 3D point clouds and use camera networks to modify image-based 3D reconstructions or structures in motion (SFM) (Plata et al, 2021). Overlapping UAV image sets are processed to create high-quality 3D models; BIM platforms and semantic web technologies (Quattrini et al, 2017) link 3D models with databases to form a repository where users can directly query the semantic structure of historic buildings and HBIM data.…”

Static Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM): A Systematic Review

“…Other RC technologies, such as UAVs, had to be used to compensate. [12,44,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57] Poor results of capturing colors with the camera mounted on the scanner in varying lighting conditions are due to time gaps between the successive scans.…”

“…Combine multiple point cloud datasets created from different approaches (e.g., TLS and aerial photogrammetry) into one single point cloud. [12,44,46,48,[52][53][54]57] Number of software applications required to process the scan data [22,50,57,[62][63][64] Processing TLS scans is time-consuming. [22,65] Incorporation of TLS scans from two separate campaigns that were 10 years apart.…”

“…Structure from Motion (SfM) or photogrammetry, either terrestrially based or mounted on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform [6,22,44,53]; • Mobile/handheld LiDAR or photogrammetry scanners [59,84]; • Devices to control errors and verify the quality of the captured data. These devices include total station (TS) and global positioning system (GPS) [53,77,80].…”

Architectural Survey, Diagnostic, and Constructive Analysis Strategies for Monumental Preservation of Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Management of Tourism

“…On this point, the approach of this project is truly new, although it is true that all of the tools used during the project, despite being innovative and highly technical, have been tried and tested extensively by the scientific community [31][32][33].…”