Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes from putative periodontal pathogens: characterization, molecular genetics, effects on host defenses and tissues and detection in gingival crevice fluid

Eley, B M; Cox, Susanne

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2003.03107.x

Cited by 90 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 142 publications

(392 reference statements)

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“…Periodontal microbes and host-derived proteases could degrade host periodontal proteins and proteins involved in the inflammatory and immune reactions into peptides and amino acids that the microorganisms can absorb and used as nutritional resources (Sandholm, 1986;Eley and Cox, 2003). Studies have shown elevated levels of peptides and amino acids in periodontal population (Rai et al, 2008;Barnes et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic and functional gene structure shifts of the oral microbiomes in periodontitis patients

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

150

126

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Determining the composition and function of subgingival dental plaque is crucial to understanding human periodontal health and disease, but it is challenging because of the complexity of the interactions between human microbiomes and human body. Here, we examined the phylogenetic and functional gene differences between periodontal and healthy individuals using MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and a specific functional gene array (a combination of GeoChip 4.0 for biogeochemical processes and HuMiChip 1.0 for human microbiomes). Our analyses indicated that the phylogenetic and functional gene structure of the oral microbiomes were distinctly different between periodontal and healthy groups. Also, 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis indicated that 39 genera were significantly different between healthy and periodontitis groups, and Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Treponema, Filifactor, Eubacterium, Tannerella, Hallella, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus and Catonella showed higher relative abundances in the periodontitis group. In addition, functional gene array data showed that a lower gene number but higher signal intensity of major genes existed in periodontitis, and a variety of genes involved in virulence factors, amino acid metabolism and glycosaminoglycan and pyrimidine degradation were enriched in periodontitis, suggesting their potential importance in periodontal pathogenesis. However, the genes involved in amino acid synthesis and pyrimidine synthesis exhibited a significantly lower relative abundance compared with healthy group. Overall, this study provides new insights into our understanding of phylogenetic and functional gene structure of subgingival microbial communities of periodontal patients and their importance in pathogenesis of periodontitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic and functional gene structure shifts of the oral microbiomes in periodontitis patients

et al. 2014

The ISME Journal

150

126

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“…Estos factores poseen un gran potencial como indicadores de enfermedad periodontal y experimentan variaciones después de la terapia periodontal. Algunos de los patógenos periodontales, tales como Porphyromonas gingivalis y Treponema denticola, producen un amplio espectro de proteinasas neutras como parte de su arsenal de virulencia (9). Substancias derivadas del huésped incluyen anticuerpos, citoquinas, enzimas y productos de degradación tisular, tales como la piridinolina, osteocalcina, osteonectina, osteopontina y sialoproteína de hueso (10).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Biomarkers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Review of Literature

Quesada

Alvarez

2017

Odovtos - Int J Dent Sc

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RESUMENLos biomarcadores son moléculas que pueden ser medidas objetivamente y evaluadas como indicadores de procesos biológicos normales, procesos patológicos o respuestas farmacológicas a la intervención terapéutica. En el fluido gingival crevicular se han estudiado biomarcadores como proteínas del huésped que incluyen enzimas, inmunoglobulinas, interleuquinas, citoquinas, quimioquinas y prostaglandinas, que podrían ser de ayuda para evaluar el diagnóstico periodontal y los resultados del tratamiento, además de monitorear pacientes en riesgo de desarrollar periodontitis. El propósito de esta revisión es mostrar algunos de los biomarcadores más estudiados en la enfermedad periodontal. PALABRAS CLAVEFluido gingival crevicular; Biomarcadores; Periodontitis. ABSTRACTBiomarkers are molecules that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological processes, pathological processes or pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention. In the crevicular gingival fluid, biomarkers have been studied as host proteins including enzymes, immunoglobulins, interleukins, cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins, which could be helpful in evaluating periodontal diagnosis and treatment outcomes, as well as monitoring patients at risk of develop periodontitis. The purpose of this review is to show some of the most studied biomarkers in periodontal disease.

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“…The Rgp is encoded by two genes rgpA and rgpB and Kgp is encoded by a single gene kgp (142). The gingipains have multiple functions [reviewed in (50,80,142,161)]. In addition to being essential for growth, because of the asaccharolytic nature of this organism, they play a role in complement and immunoglobulin degradation, inactivation of cytokines and their receptors, platelet aggregation, attenuation of neutrophil antibacterial activities, and increasing vascular permeability, as well as, prevention of blood clotting.…”

Section: P Gingivalis Virulence Factors -Gingipainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gingipain-dependent interactions with the host are important for survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis

Sheets

Robles-Price²,

McKenzie³

et al. 2008

Front Biosci

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Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontal pathogen, must acquire nutrients from host derived substrates, overcome oxidative stress and subvert the immune system. These activities can be coordinated via the gingipains which represent the most significant virulence factor produced by this organism. In the context of our contribution to this field, we will review the current understanding of gingipain biogenesis, glycosylation, and regulation, as well as discuss their role in oxidative stress resistance and apoptosis. We can postulate a model, in which gingipains may be part of the mechanism for P. gingivalis virulence. KeywordsPorphyromonas gingivalis; gingipains; apoptosis; caspase-independent apoptosis; oxidative stress; VimA; anoikis; N-cadherin; VE-cadherin; integrin β1; VimA; VimE; VimF; DNA repair; glycosylation; virulence; host cell survival; HRgpA; RgpB; Kgp; Review INTRODUCTIONP. gingivalis, a black-pigmented, Gram-negative anaerobe, is an important etiological agent of periodontal disease and is also linked to cardiovascular disease and other systemic diseases [reviewed in (43,103)]. The inflammatory nature of periodontal disease implies that innate host defense mechanisms play a vital role in limiting bacterial growth. During active infection including tissue invasion, toxic reactive oxygen metabolites (e.g. superoxides, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals) are mostly generated by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages (27,29). In order to survive in the inflammatory environment of the periodontal pocket, the bacterium must not only obtain nutrients for growth, but also overcome oxidative stress and subvert the immune defense system. Coordinated regulation of these activities would be beneficial to the bacterium. While there is documented evidence of the response of P. gingivalis to environmental stimulus (56,117,126), one possible mechanism for coordination may occur via the gingipains produced by this bacterium. The presence of P. gingivalis in the periodontal pocket and the high levels of gingipain activity detected in gingival crevicular fluid could implicate a role for gingipains in the destruction of the highly vascular periodontal tissue. Protease-associated degradation of cell-cell adhesion proteins on epithelial and endothelial cells resulting in cell death will compromise tissue integrity and facilitate spreading of the bacterium. Furthermore, degradation of the immune response components will facilitate the survival of the organism. Together, these activities may also satisfy the nutritional requirements of the organism. Gingipain-dependent heme accumulation on the bacterium cell surface may also act as an "oxidative sink", thus, leading to protection against oxidative stress (191,193). We will discuss the role of the gingipains in the survival/pathogenicity of P. gingivalis and the unique vim (virulence modulating) locus that is involved in regulation of the gingipains. We will highlight some of our observations that are consistent with the hypothesis that the gingipain...

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Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes from putative periodontal pathogens: characterization, molecular genetics, effects on host defenses and tissues and detection in gingival crevice fluid

Cited by 90 publications

References 142 publications

Phylogenetic and functional gene structure shifts of the oral microbiomes in periodontitis patients

Phylogenetic and functional gene structure shifts of the oral microbiomes in periodontitis patients

Biomarkers in Gingival Crevicular Fluid: Review of Literature

Gingipain-dependent interactions with the host are important for survival of Porphyromonas gingivalis

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