RESUMENLos biomarcadores son moléculas que pueden ser medidas objetivamente y evaluadas como indicadores de procesos biológicos normales, procesos patológicos o respuestas farmacológicas a la intervención terapéutica. En el fluido gingival crevicular se han estudiado biomarcadores como proteínas del huésped que incluyen enzimas, inmunoglobulinas, interleuquinas, citoquinas, quimioquinas y prostaglandinas, que podrían ser de ayuda para evaluar el diagnóstico periodontal y los resultados del tratamiento, además de monitorear pacientes en riesgo de desarrollar periodontitis. El propósito de esta revisión es mostrar algunos de los biomarcadores más estudiados en la enfermedad periodontal.
PALABRAS CLAVEFluido gingival crevicular; Biomarcadores; Periodontitis.
ABSTRACTBiomarkers are molecules that can be objectively measured and evaluated as indicators of normal biological processes, pathological processes or pharmacological responses to therapeutic intervention. In the crevicular gingival fluid, biomarkers have been studied as host proteins including enzymes, immunoglobulins, interleukins, cytokines, chemokines and prostaglandins, which could be helpful in evaluating periodontal diagnosis and treatment outcomes, as well as monitoring patients at risk of develop periodontitis. The purpose of this review is to show some of the most studied biomarkers in periodontal disease.
In the oral cavity, gingiva lesions may occur that are not associated with bacterial plaque, which require adequate diagnosis and treatment. Desquamative gingivitis is usually related to mucocutaneous disorders, such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV), where oral lesions, including gingival lesions, may precede skin lesions. Management is multidisciplinary and treatment includes topical and systemic pharmacological therapy, require adequate control of dental plaque by the patient and strict supervision over time by the professional for the maintenance and stability of the gingival tissues. Two clinical cases of patients with a diagnosis of PV are presented, which were managed in a timely and integral way to control and stabilize the systemic and local factor.
Dental plaque-induced gingival enlargements associated with local factors such as the use of orthodontic appliances are frequently observed in young patients, with inadequate dental biofilm control. Among the recommended therapeutics to treat this condition is the Nonsurgical phase and the surgical approach. A clinical case of a 16-year-old patient with a gingival enlargement and its respective treatment is presented.
The destructive periodontal disease affects the tissues supporting the teeth, with the final result in the loss of it; so the research is directed towards identifying objective measures of risk such as biomarkers of destruction. Because studies of biomarkers present in the gingival crevicular fluid (FGC) have reported promising results, it is posible associated markers of tissue degradation with the progression of periodontal disease. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of nonsurgical periodontal treatment on the levels of pyridinoline in the FGC patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: FGC samples (before and after treatment), both active and inactive sites determined by the method of tolerance, ICTP levels were measured using the ICTP EIA. Uni Q, the results were analyzed using Stata 7.0 program and the student-test for nonparametric samples Results: ICTP levels decreased significantly after performing non-surgical periodontal treatment (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: According to the results, the ICTP may be a good marker to monitor the effects of nonsurgical periodontal treatment.
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