Protein synthesis and memory: A review.

Davis, Hasker P.; Squire, Larry R.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.518

Cited by 1,369 publications

(968 citation statements)

References 244 publications

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“…Occasionally we will refer to short-term extinction and long-term extinction; these terms correspond to stages of extinction memory similar to those defined for other forms of learning. 8 Extinction is not the same as forgetting Although it is difficult to be sure that forgetting does not occur to some extent in extinction, numerous studies show that extinction cannot fully be explained by forgetting because extinction requires exposure to the CS in the absence of the US as opposed to the simple passage of time. This is especially true with fear extinction because fear memories can last months or even years with little forgetting.…”

Section: Behavioral and Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of fear extinction

2006

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Excessive fear and anxiety are hallmarks of a variety of disabling anxiety disorders that affect millions of people throughout the world. Hence, a greater understanding of the brain mechanisms involved in the inhibition of fear and anxiety is attracting increasing interest in the research community. In the laboratory, fear inhibition most often is studied through a procedure in which a previously fear conditioned organism is exposed to a fear-eliciting cue in the absence of any aversive event. This procedure results in a decline in conditioned fear responses that is attributed to a process called fear extinction. Extensive empirical work by behavioral psychologists has revealed basic behavioral characteristics of extinction, and theoretical accounts have emphasized extinction as a form of inhibitory learning as opposed to an erasure of acquired fear. Guided by this work, neuroscientists have begun to dissect the neural mechanisms involved, including the regions in which extinction-related plasticity occurs and the cellular and molecular processes that are engaged. The present paper will cover behavioral, theoretical and neurobiological work, and will conclude with a discussion of clinical implications. Molecular Psychiatry (2007) 12, 120-150.

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Section: Behavioral and Theoretical Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of fear extinction

2006

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“…This process of transforming an active trace into long-term memory is known as consolidation (Lechner, Squire, & Byrne, 1999;McGaugh, 2000;Müller & Pilzecker, 1900). Consolidation involves molecular cascades in the postsynaptic cell that trigger intracellular processes (RNA and protein synthesis), which in turn lead to structural changes that protect the memory whilst transforming it into long term form (Davis &Squire, 1984;Flexner, Flexner, De La Haba, &Roberts, 1965). Before consolidation, the memory representation is prone to interference such that new information presented immediately after the first learning may interfere with the initial learning (Lechner, Squire, & Byrne, 1999;McGaugh, 1966McGaugh, , 2000Müller & Pilzecker, 1900).…”

Section: Stages Of Memory Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of psychosocial stress on episodic memory updating

et al. 2013

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“…Long-term memory formation is known to be dependent on protein synthesis (Davis and Squire, 1984). Indeed, changes in gene expression related to learning have been described in many models of learning and memory (Stork and Welzl, 1999).…”

Section: Gene Regulation Enabling Motor Memory Formation: a Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, changes in gene expression related to learning have been described in many models of learning and memory (Stork and Welzl, 1999). It is thought that proteins expressed during learning allow changes in structure and efficacy of synapses thus mediating longterm memory consolidation (eg Davis and Squire, 1984;Bailey and Kandel, 1993;Bailey et al, 1996;Moser, 1999).…”

Section: Gene Regulation Enabling Motor Memory Formation: a Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Motor-Skill Learning-Associated Gene Regulation in the Striatum: Effects of Cocaine

Willuhn

Steiner

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Psychostimulant-induced molecular changes in cortico-basal ganglia-cortical circuits play a critical role in addiction and dependence. These changes include alterations in gene regulation particularly in projection neurons of the sensorimotor striatum. We previously showed that cocaine-induced gene regulation in such neurons is dependent on the behavior performed during drug action. Rats trained on a running wheel under the influence of cocaine for 4 days subsequently displayed greater c-fos induction by cocaine than untrained controls. This effect was selective for the sensorimotor striatum, which is known to mediate forms of motor learning. In the present study, we investigated whether this enhanced cellular responsiveness was associated with learning of wheel running or with prolonged running (exercising), by assessing c-fos inducibility after 1, 2, or 8 days of training. Wheel training was performed after injection of cocaine (25 mg/ kg) or vehicle, and c-fos induction by a cocaine challenge was measured 24 h later. Rats that trained under cocaine (but not vehicle) showed a greater c-fos response in the striatum compared to locked-wheel controls. This effect was present after the 1-day training, peaked after 2 days, and dissipated by 8 days of training. Similar effects were found for substance P, but not enkephalin, expression. These changes in striatal gene regulation paralleled improvement in wheel running, which was facilitated by cocaine. Thus, these training-induced molecular changes do not appear to represent exercising effects, but may reflect motor learning-associated neuronal changes altered by cocaine. Such cocaine effects may contribute to aberrant motor learning implicated in psychostimulant addiction.

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Protein synthesis and memory: A review.

Cited by 1,369 publications

References 244 publications

Mechanisms of fear extinction

Mechanisms of fear extinction

Effects of psychosocial stress on episodic memory updating

Motor-Skill Learning-Associated Gene Regulation in the Striatum: Effects of Cocaine

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