Protein Reserves: Relationship of Dietary Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids to Formation and Maintenance in the Fowl

Shapiro, R.; Fisher, Hans

doi:10.1093/jn/76.2.106

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This corroborates the findings reported earlier by Shapiro & Fisher (1962). Observations similar to those herein reported for adult cocks have been found also for adult man.…”

Section: Repletion With Dzfleerent N Sourcessupporting

confidence: 94%

“…During the 16-day repletion period the cocks were given diets supplying daily 280mg N/kg body-weight, an amount previously shown to be adequate for the maintenance of non-depleted adult cocks (Leveille & Fisher,19 58) or for the repletion of depleted ones (Shapiro & Fisher, 1962). The N content of a diet containing zein was higher for reasons explained below (see p. 60).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In both types of diet a mixture of essential amino acids provided I 15 mg N/kg body-weight daily which was supplemented either with 35 mg N/kg body-weight daily (used during the depletion period) provided by a mixture of L-glutamic acid and glycine to give a total of 150 mg N/kg body-weight daily, or with various protein and amino acid sources to supply 165 mg or a total of 280 mg N/kg body-weight daily for the repletion diets. The compositions of the protein-free diet and of the mixture of essential amino acids which supplied the 115 mg N/kg body-weight daily were identical with those described by Shapiro & Fisher (1962 All diets were provided in pelleted form. Analyticalprocedure.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Estimation of protein reserves and the nitrogen content of organs in protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Wessels

Fisher

1965

Br J Nutr

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“…This corroborates the findings reported earlier by Shapiro & Fisher (1962). Observations similar to those herein reported for adult cocks have been found also for adult man.…”

Section: Repletion With Dzfleerent N Sourcessupporting

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of protein reserves and the nitrogen content of organs in protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Wessels

Fisher

1965

Br J Nutr

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“…Table 6. Estimated requirements for nitrogen equilibrium (maintenance, M) and maximal nitrogen gain (nitrogen growth, G) for nitrogen, protein, lysine and methionine using the four regression models for juvenile Penaeus monodon AA near maintenance (48) and in chickens for which dispensable AA were suggested to maintain and replete protein reserves (49) . In salmon fry, dispensable AA enabled a reduction in N losses, suggesting their implications in protein metabolism under maintenance conditions (50) .…”

Section: Efficiency Of Protein Utilisation For Maximal Nitrogen Gainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maintenance and growth requirements for nitrogen, lysine and methionine and their utilisation efficiencies in juvenile black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon, using a factorial approach

Richard

Blanc²,

Rigolet³

et al. 2009

Br J Nutr

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We used a factorial approach to distinguish maintenance from growth requirements for protein, lysine and methionine in the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Juvenile P. monodon (initial weight 2·4 g) were fed during 6 weeks one of ten semi-purified diets based on casein and purified amino acids (AA) as N source. The diets contained four levels of crude protein (CP, from 5 to 54 % DM diet) with two levels (% CP) of lysine or methionine (normal or 30 % deficient). Requirements were determined using linear and non-linear regression models. We could thus obtain the first ever data on maintenance (N equilibrium) requirements for CP and AA in P. monodon. CP requirements for maintenance (4·5 g/kg body weight (BW) per d) represented approximately 19 % of the CP requirement for maximal N gain (23·9 g/kg BW per d). The marginal efficiency of utilisation reached a maximum of 38 % for N, 0·77 for lysine and 1·62 for methionine using N gain as response. Lysine requirements were 0·20 g/kg BW per d for N maintenance and 1·40 g/kg BW per d for maximal N gain. Methionine requirements were 0·11 g/kg BW per d for N maintenance and 0·70 g/kg BW per d for maximal N gain. The lysine (5·8 %) and methionine (2·9 %) requirements for maximal N gain, expressed as percentage of protein requirement, agree with literature data using a dose -response technique with smaller P. monodon. The observed interaction between dietary CP and methionine for N gain demonstrates that requirements for indispensable AA (expressed as % CP) cannot be evaluated separately from CP requirements. Crustaceans: Protein requirement: Indispensable amino acids: Logistic model: Marginal utilisation efficiencyThe black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) is the second most cultured crustacean species worldwide (1) . Due to the importance of protein for shrimp growth, its high cost in formulated feeds and the environmental implications of N losses, it is essential to gain a better understanding of N requirements and N utilisation in P. monodon. Available data on crude protein requirements (CP, % DM diet) of P. monodon show a large degree of variability, i.e. from 36-40 % (2) up to 50 % (3) . Several factors, e.g. differences in protein source, dietary energy level, life stage, rearing conditions and, in particular, differences in feed intake (FI), can explain some of this variation (4) . The confounding effect of FI on dietary protein requirement estimates has also been illustrated with the pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (5,6) . The latter authors (6) demonstrated that maximum weight gain could be obtained by a wide range of dietary CP levels (30-40 % DM diet) at different feed allowances (50, 75 and 100 % of typical daily intakes), underlining the importance of expressing protein requirements on absolute basis rather than as a percentage of the diet. The use of the factorial approach, which allows the distinction between maintenance and growth for estimating protein requirements, has been initially developed for terrestrial animals (7,8) and has also been appl...

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“…The former results were not unexpected in view of the large proportion of the maintenance requirement (ca. 66%) which can be met by non-essential amino acids (Leveille and Fisher, 1958; and the ability of this same type of nitrogen to maintain (Shapiro and Fisher, 1962) and/or partially replete limited quantities of body protein reserves (Wessels and Fisher, 1965). Also understandable was the small production advantage (3.5%, Chavez et al, 1966) obtained with non-protein nitrogen supplementation of low protein diets, because maintenance N requirement relative to that necessary for egg formation is small (ca.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Non-Protein Nitrogen Supplementation of Low Protein Rations on Laying Hen Performance with a Note on Essential Amino Acid Requirements

1967

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Protein Reserves: Relationship of Dietary Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids to Formation and Maintenance in the Fowl

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Estimation of protein reserves and the nitrogen content of organs in protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Estimation of protein reserves and the nitrogen content of organs in protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Maintenance and growth requirements for nitrogen, lysine and methionine and their utilisation efficiencies in juvenile black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon, using a factorial approach

Effect of Non-Protein Nitrogen Supplementation of Low Protein Rations on Laying Hen Performance with a Note on Essential Amino Acid Requirements

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