Protective effects of melatonin and ghrelin on spermatogenesis: A narrative review of the literature

Abstract

Spermatocytogenesis starts from lumens of seminiferous cords and after migration to the basal membrane ends to the lumens again. We attempt to review the protective effects of melatonin and ghrelin on Spermatocytogenesis and in particular on spermatogonial stem cells, as two rather newly-discovered hormones. Testicular freezing prior to chemotherapy and radiotherapy is one of the ways of preserving fertility in children with cancer. The freezing has two methods of slow-freezing (cryopreservation) and rapid-freezing (vitrification). Administration of melatonin can maintain the quality of the germ cells underwent such processes, as well as ghrelin, can protect germ cells from the toxicities secondary to ischemic injuries, and pathologic apoptosis. This review indicates that in vitro or in vivo administration of melatonin or ghrelin, could be effective to preserve fertilization and also they can be used in assisted reproductive technologies to improve the quality of sperms. Future original studies should be propelled toward human studies, of course with observing the ethics.

Troxerutin protect sperm, seminiferous epithelium and pituitary-gonadal axis from torsion-detorsion injury: An experimental study

“…There is a lot of evidence that show the serious role of oxidative stress in male infertility, which should be considered in examining the causes of male infertility and stages of their treatment ( 5 , 19 , 23 ). Studies have reported high levels of free radicals in 25-40% of infertile men ( 20 , 24 , 25 ). Although the primary pathological mechanisms of testicular damage aren’t fully understood, but oxygen free radicals formed during the ischemia-reperfusion have important role in this process.…”

“…Recent researches on oxidative stress and produced free oxygen radicals after testicular torsion show that antioxidants can protect testis against ROS damages ( 1 , 3 , 4 , 11 ). Antioxidants play a key role in andrology ( 12 , 13 , 18 - 20 ). Antioxidants are substances that break down the chain oxidative reaction and reduce the oxidative stress ( 18 , 19 ).…”

A rare karyotype of nonmosaic isodicentric (Y) (p11.31) with azoospermia and short stature

“…There is increasing evidences suggesting that the pineal gland secretes melatonin plays an important role in testicular development and spermatogenesis. (Gholami, Ahmadi, Abaszadeh, & Khaki, 2017). Loss of ASMT will impair spermatogenesis and male fertility.…”

Potentiality of ghrelin as antioxidant and protective agent

“…Shreds of evidence provide that oxidative stress is resulted from physical as psychological stress [26]. In fact, significant studies have demonstrated that protein oxidation is related to the expression of a variety of human diseases as diabetes, atherosclerosis, fertility, and neurodegenerative disorders [27][28][29]. Many antioxidant intervention strategies are available in the organism but currently, new peptides as antioxidants have appeared.…”