Potentiality of ghrelin as antioxidant and protective agent

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress is the result of cellular troubles related to aerobic metabolism. Furthermore, this stress is always associated with biological responses evoked by physical, chemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Several studies have developed many approaches of antioxidant defense to diminish the severity of many diseases. Ghrelin was originally identified from the rat stomach, and it is a potent growth hormone-releasing peptide that has pleiotropic functions. Methods: A systematic review was conducted within PubMed, ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases using keywords such as ghrelin, antioxidant, oxidative stress, and systemic oxidative stress sensor. Results: In the last decade, many studies show that ghrelin exhibits protection effects against oxidative stress derived probably from its antioxidant effects. Pieces of evidence demonstrate that systemic oxidative stress increase ghrelin levels in the plasma. The expression of ghrelin and its receptor in ghrelin peripheral tissues and extensively in the central nervous system suggests that this endogenous peptide plays an important role as a systemic oxidative stress sensor Conclusion: The current evidence confirms that ghrelin and its derived peptides (Desacyl-ghrelin, obestatin) act as a protective antioxidant agent. Therefore, stressor modality, duration, and intensity are the parameters of oxidative stress that must be taken into consideration to determine the role of ghrelin, Desacyl-ghrelin, and obestatin in the regulation of cell death pathways.

Effective body recomposition vs. misconceptions of the traditional weight loss strategies: TRCAP21 - a novel technological breakthrough in body recomposition

“…potentiates hunger signaling [19][20]. A conventional corrective strategy includes regulating/inhibiting ghrelin release and enhancing leptin release [19][20], to restore aerobic metabolism and terminate "survival panic"…”

Advances in the Development of Nonpeptide Small Molecules Targeting Ghrelin Receptor

“…The broad spectrum of processes involving ghrelin-dependent pathways opens the opportunity to evaluate new potentially therapeutic approaches for the treatment of several disorders. 10 , 31 , 38 , 47 − 49 Thus, agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists of the GHS-R1a have been developed over the years. 50 − 53 Moreover, ghrelin signaling can be inhibited by blocking GOAT activity.…”

“…The broad spectrum of processes involving ghrelin-dependent pathways opens the opportunity to evaluate new potentially therapeutic approaches for the treatment of several disorders. ,,,− Thus, agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists of the GHS-R1a have been developed over the years. − Moreover, ghrelin signaling can be inhibited by blocking GOAT activity. Even if this way has not been fully explored yet, it seems to be another promising drug target, as exhaustively described in very recent review articles. , …”

Elevated ghrelin alters the behavioral effects of perinatal acetaminophen exposure in rats

“…The oxidative metabolite of APAP ( N ‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinone imine [NAPQI]) is a potent inducer of oxidative stress (Parker et al., 2017), which likely underlies the deleterious effects of APAP exposure seen in human and nonhuman animals following early‐life exposure. The neuropeptide hormone ghrelin, on the other hand, has recently been found to display antioxidant properties (Akki et al., 2021). Ghrelin is a 28‐amino‐acid peptide hormone produced peripherally in the gut and has traditionally been studied in the context of appetitive and addictive behaviors (Currie et al., 2005; Engel & Jerlhag, 2014; Howick et al., 2017; Zallar et al., 2017).…”