Protective effect of contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral remote ischemic preconditioning on spinal cord ischemia reperfusion injury in rats

Abstract

AIM: To evaluate the effect of different remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) methods in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. MATERIAL and METHODS:A total of 36 rats were distributed to the 6 groups: sham surgery, control (only spinal cord IR), unilateral (hind limb RIPC before spinal cord IR), bilateral (hind limbs RIPC before spinal cord IR), ipsilateral (hind and fore limbs RIPC to the right before spinal cord IR), contralateral (right hind limb and left fore limb as RIPC before spinal cord IR). Thirty minutes after RIPC, the spinal cord was subjected to ischemia for 60 minutes. Seventy two hours after IR, all rats were evaluated by neurological function, histological and biochemical examinations. RESULTS:The mean Motor Deficit Index (MDI) scores in the ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral groups were lower than that of the unilateral group (p<0.05). The mean malondialdehyde (MDA) in ipsilateral group was lower than were control group (p<0.05). The mean total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the mean number of normal motor neurons in the experimental groups were significantly higher than increased control group (p<0.05). The mean plasma levels of catalase in the contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral groups were significantly increased compared to control group (p<0.05). The mean scores of white matter damage in contralateral, bilateral, and unilateral groups were lower than control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION:The results of this study show that contralateral, ipsilateral, and bilateral limb RIPC may reduce the complications of spinal cord ischemic injury.

Tanshinone Protects against Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting JNK Activity

“…Spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury (SCI) is a phenomenon in which the blood supply to the spinal cord is restored after the removal of some factors causing spinal cord ischemia, but the neurological function is not improved, but further aggravated by the original ischemic injury, and even irreversible delayed death of spinal cord neurons occurs. Spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury can cause quadriplegia, paraplegia, and even death [ 1 ]. The exact mechanism of spinal cord reperfusion neuronal injury is still inconclusive.…”

Effects of Lycopene Attenuating Injuries in Ischemia and Reperfusion

“…One survey showed that the incidence of a spinal I/ R injury during thoracic aortic surgeries worldwide was approximately 1 in 10 [201]. However, the therapeutic effects of currently known interventions (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid drainage [202], electro-needle pretreatment [203], drug administration [204], multifunctional hepatocyte use [205], remote ischemia [206], and hyperbaric oxygen pretreatment [207]) are unsatisfactory. Therefore, it is urgent to find better interventions for preventing spinal I/R injury.…”

Effects of Lipoic Acid on Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury

“…Oxidative stress, inflammation, and excitotoxicity were considered playing vital roles in spinal I/R injury [ 111 ]. In previous studies, some therapeutic measures had been used to cure spinal I/R injury (e.g., the preconditionings of hyperbaric oxygen [ 112 ] and remote ischemia [ 113 ], pharmacologic administrations such as progesterone [ 114 ], and the application of pluripotent stem cells [ 115 ]), but the effects of treatments were yet unsatisfied. Therefore, it was necessary to explore new treatments or agents for attenuating spinal I/R injury.…”