Protection Duration of COVID-19 Vaccines: Waning Effectiveness and Future Perspective

Zhuang, Chunlan; Liu, Xiaohui; Chen, Qi; Sun, Yanchao; Su, Yingying; Huang, Shou-Jie; Wu, Ting; Xia, Ningshao

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.828806

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The seroconversion rate was higher with natural infection but the antibody titer was lower than that occurred after vaccination. The lower antibody titer may be due to the waning of the antibody over time ( 3 , 37 ). It is speculated that whole virus-based vaccines may induce the robust seroconversion and elicitation of antibody titer as reflected in our finding ( Table 2 ) ( 10 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroconversion Rate After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Two Doses of Either ChAdOx1-nCOV COVISHIELD™ or BBV-152 COVAXIN™ Vaccination in Renal Allograft Recipients: An Experience of Two Public and Private Tertiary Care Center

et al. 2022

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IntroductionVaccination is an effective strategy for preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated mortality. Renal Transplant Recipients (RTRs) are vulnerable to acquiring infection and high mortality due to their immunocompromised state. Varying responses to the different vaccines, depending on types of vaccines and population, have been reported. Vaccines supply is also limited. The current study evaluated the seroconversion rate after SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2 doses of either COVAXIN™ or COVISHIELD™ vaccination in RTR.MethodsThe serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein neutralizing antibody titer was measured in 370 RTRs who acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=172), yet not vaccinated; and those vaccinated with COVAXIN™ (n=78), and COVISHIELD™ (n=120) by chemiluminescence microparticle immunoassay methods from serum.ResultOverall, the seroconversion rate either after vaccination or infection was 85.13% (315/370). The vaccine-associated seroconversion was 80.30% (159/198). SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated seroconversion was 90.69% (156/172), COVISHIELD™ associated seroconversion was 79.2% (95/120), and COVAXIN™ associated seroconversion was 82.05% (64/78). The median IgG titer in the SARS-CoV-2 infection group was 646.50 AU/ml (IQR: 232.52-1717.42), in the COVAXIN™ group was 1449.75 AU/ml (IQR: 400.0-3068.55), and the COVISHIELD™ vaccination group was 1500.51 AU/ml (IQR: 379.47-4938.50). The seroconversion rate and antibody titers were similar irrespective of the place of sampling. Patient’s age-associated seroconversion in <45 years was 88.01% (213/242), 45.1-60 years was 83.18% (94/113), and > 60 years was 58.3% (7/12).ConclusionsBoth infection and vaccination induce robust antibody formation in RTRs. The seroconversion rate after SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher but with a lower antibody titer than vaccines. The vaccines, COVAXIN™ and COVISHIELD™, induce more elevated antibody titers than natural infection. The seroconversion rate and antibody titer in Indian RTRs appears to be better than in the western population, irrespective of their vaccination status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroconversion Rate After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Two Doses of Either ChAdOx1-nCOV COVISHIELD™ or BBV-152 COVAXIN™ Vaccination in Renal Allograft Recipients: An Experience of Two Public and Private Tertiary Care Center

et al. 2022

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“…Although there are data regarding the duration and persistence of antibody and T cell responses following many COVID‐19 vaccines such as BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech), AZD1222 and mRNA‐1273 14 , 15 there are limited data regarding the persistence of immune responses following Sinopharm/BBIBP‐CorV. 16 It is crucial that severe disease and hospitalizations due to COVID‐19 are curtailed to a level that it no longer becomes a global threat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Based on waning of neutralizing antibody responses and efficacy for certain COVID-19 vaccines with time, booster doses are currently been offered to older individuals and individuals in high risk categories in different countries. 12,13 Although there are data regarding the duration and persistence of antibody and T cell responses following many COVID-19 vaccines such as BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), AZD1222 and mRNA-1273 14,15 there are limited data regarding the persistence of immune responses following Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV. 16 It is crucial that severe disease and hospitalizations due to COVID-19 are curtailed to a level that it no longer becomes a global threat.…”

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confidence: 99%

Persistence of immune responses to the Sinopharm/BBIBP‐CorV vaccine

Jeewandara

Aberathna

Pushpakumara

et al. 2022

Immunity Inflam & Disease

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Background To determine the kinetics and persistence of immune responses following the Sinopharm/BBIBP‐CorV, we investigated immune responses in a cohort of Sri Lankan individuals. Methods SARS‐CoV‐2 specific total antibodies were measured in 20–39 years ( n = 61), 40–59 years ( n = 120) and those >60 years of age ( n = 22) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, 12 weeks after the second dose of the vaccine. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor blocking antibodies (ACE2R‐Ab), antibodies to the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the ancestral virus (WT) and variants of concern, were measured in a sub cohort. T cell responses and memory B cell responses were assessed by ELISpot assays. Results A total of 193/203 (95.07%) of individuals had detectable SARS‐CoV‐2 specific total antibodies, while 67/110 (60.9%) had ACE2R‐Ab. A total of 14.3%–16.7% individuals in the 20–39 age groups had detectable antibodies to the RBD of the WT and variants of concern, while the positivity rates of those ≥60 years of age was <10%. A total of 14/49 (28.6%) had Interferon gamma ELISpot responses to overlapping peptides of the spike protein, while memory B cell responses were detected in 9/20 to the S1 recombinant protein. The total antibody levels and ACE2R‐Ab declined from 2 to 12 weeks from the second dose, while ex vivo T cell responses remained unchanged. The decline in ACE2R‐Ab levels was significant among the 40–59 ( p = .0007) and ≥60 ( p = .005) age groups. Conclusions Antibody responses declined in all age groups, especially in those ≥60 years, while T cell responses persisted. The effect of waning of immunity on hospitalization and severe disease should be assessed by long term efficacy studies.

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“…Further, studies suggest that the defensive antibodies were reduced to approximately onehalf of the initial state after five months from the date of vaccination [17][18][19]. It causes more people to be vulnerable to infection.…”

Section: Effects Of the Vaccination Rate And Vaccine Waning In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of COVID-19 in India using a vaccine epidemic model incorporating vaccine effectiveness and herd immunity

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 will be a continuous threat to human population despite having a few vaccines at hand until we reach the endemic state through natural herd immunity and total immunization through universal vaccination. However, the vaccine acts as a practical tool for reducing the massive public health problem and the emerging economic consequences that the continuing COVID -19 epidemic is causing worldwide, while the vaccine efficacy wanes. In this work, we propose and analyze an epidemic model of Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered-Vaccinated (SEIRV) population taking into account the rate of vaccination and vaccine waning. The dynamics of the model has been investigated, and the condition for a disease-free endemic equilibrium state is obtained. Further, the analysis is extended to study the COVID-19 spread in India by considering the availability of vaccines and the related critical parameters such as vaccination rate, vaccine efficacy and waning of vaccine's impact on deciding the emerging fate of this epidemic. We have also discussed the conditions for herd immunity due to vaccinated individuals among the people. Our results highlight the importance of vaccines, the effectiveness of booster vaccination in protecting people from infection, and their importance in epidemic and pandemic modelling.

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Protection Duration of COVID-19 Vaccines: Waning Effectiveness and Future Perspective

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

Seroconversion Rate After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Two Doses of Either ChAdOx1-nCOV COVISHIELD™ or BBV-152 COVAXIN™ Vaccination in Renal Allograft Recipients: An Experience of Two Public and Private Tertiary Care Center

Seroconversion Rate After SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Two Doses of Either ChAdOx1-nCOV COVISHIELD™ or BBV-152 COVAXIN™ Vaccination in Renal Allograft Recipients: An Experience of Two Public and Private Tertiary Care Center

Persistence of immune responses to the Sinopharm/BBIBP‐CorV vaccine

Analysis of COVID-19 in India using a vaccine epidemic model incorporating vaccine effectiveness and herd immunity

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