Prostate-Specific antigen: An overview and its current status in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

Microfluidic Platform Integrated with Carbon Nanofibers-Decorated Gold Nanoporous Sensing Device for Serum PSA Quantification

“…Values of PSA greater than 4 ng mL −1 are considered as a strong indicator of PC [ 26 ]. Serum PSA levels can change with age as well as non-PC related causes, such as urinary tract infections and medication [ 27 , 28 ]. The gold standard technique for PC diagnosis is based on colorimetric immunoassays (ELISA kit) for PSA quantification in serum samples, specific digital imaging studies (transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy) and clinical medical expertise [ 26 ].…”

Novel Sensitive Immunosensor for the Selective Detection of Engrailed 2 Urinary Prostate Cancer Biomarker

“…PCa is traditionally diagnosed by digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) dosage in blood, and by transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy (Descotes 2019). However, PSA is not always reliable because of its low specificity and low positive predictive value (Neeli et al 2021). In fact, PSA concentration may sometimes increase with prostate benign diseases (such as benign prostate hyperplasia or prostatitis) or with manipulations (like digital rectal examination and catheterization) (Neeli et al 2021).…”

“…However, PSA is not always reliable because of its low specificity and low positive predictive value (Neeli et al 2021). In fact, PSA concentration may sometimes increase with prostate benign diseases (such as benign prostate hyperplasia or prostatitis) or with manipulations (like digital rectal examination and catheterization) (Neeli et al 2021). This led the French High Authority for Health (Web1) and the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Bell et al 2014;Care 2014, Web2) to not recommend its systematic use for prostate cancer screening.…”