Malaria is a serious public health problem that affects mostly the poorest countries in the world, killing more than 400,000 people per year, mainly children under 5 years old. Among the control and prevention strategies, the differential diagnosis of the Plasmodium–infecting species is an important factor for selecting a treatment and, consequently, for preventing the spread of the disease. One of the main difficulties for the detection of a specific Plasmodium sp is that most of the existing methods for malaria diagnosis focus on detecting P. falciparum. Thus, in many cases, the diagnostic methods neglect the other non-falciparum species and underestimate their prevalence and severity. Traditional methods for diagnosing malaria may present low specificity or sensitivity to non-falciparum spp. Therefore, there is high demand for new alternative methods able to differentiate Plasmodium species in a faster, cheaper and easier manner to execute. This review details the classical procedures and new perspectives of diagnostic methods for malaria non-falciparum differential detection and the possibilities of their application in different circumstances.
Highlights We developed a simple electrochemical sensor with an ordered mesoporous carbon modified screen-printed carbon electrode to detect triclosan. CMK-3 was used for solid-phase microextraction, since it has an excellent extraction selectivity towards triclosan in water samples. The proposed sensor presented high sensitivity, low detection limit, excellent stability and reproducibility. This electrochemical platform offered a useful tool for on-site triclosan determination in environmental samples.
An ordered mesoporous carbon modified electrochemical sensor for solid-phase microextraction and determination of triclosan in environmental samples
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