Prospects of refinery switching from conventional to integrated: An opportunity for sustainable investment in the petrochemical industry

Phenanthrene Derived Nanoporous Hypercrosslinked Polymeric Adsorbent for CO2 Capture from Flue Gas and Removal of Organic Dyes from Wastewater

“…A strong band observed near 3410 cm –1 is due to O–H stretching of the moisture adsorbed onto poly-PHEN-C. The aromatic C–H stretching observed near 3000 cm –1 in poly-PHEN-C from phenanthrene and the slight shifting of CC aromatic stretching vibrations from phenanthrene (1602–1300 cm –1 ) to poly-PHEN-C (1630–1309 cm –1 ) confirm the successful knitting of phenanthrene. − The outcomes are further strengthened by the broadening of phenanthrene’s C–H in-plane (1071 cm –1 ) and out-of-plane (880 cm –1 ) bending vibrations after knitting. ,− Solvent knitting through the −CH–Cl linkage is confirmed by the presence of sp 3 C–H stretching, which could be observed around 2920 cm –1 , and −C-Cl stretching vibration, which was identified around 780–880 cm –1 . , 13 C CP-MAS NMR spectra of poly-PHEN-C, as shown in Figure c, show the resonance peaks of substituted and unsubstituted aromatic carbon atoms near 139 and 129 ppm, respectively. The additional peak ∼56 ppm corresponds to the sp 3 carbon of −C-Cl linkage .…”

“…Very importantly, several organic dyes containing chromophores (−NH 2 , NR 2, and −OH) and auxochromes (CO, NN, CC) react with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in wastewater to form complex carcinogenic secondary pollutants. − PAHs are organic aromatic compounds consisting of only carbon and hydrogen with more than one aromatic ring arranged in a linear or angular fashion. − These aromatics are released into the air, water, and soil by incomplete combustion of tobacco, fossil fuels, wood, and petroleum products. − PAHs with an angular arrangement, like phenanthrene, are found to be more stable and dangerous than linear arrangements. Further, phenanthrene is among the 16 primary hazardous PAHs according to USEPA. − Many PAHs are recognized as carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and, thus, pose a serious risk to human health. The extraction and separation of PAHs from fuels, soils, sediments, air, marine life, and plants has been documented in a number of studies.…”

Assessing the Mediating Role of Safety Communication Between Safety Culture and Employees Safety Performance

“…The production of petrochemicals and plastics is also included. During the downstream stage, many products derived from crude oil are produced, including diesel oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), petrol, fertilizers, antifreeze, pharmaceuticals, and even cosmetics ( 31 ). Downstream is without a doubt the part of the oil and gas business that has the most direct relationship to daily consumers, which means that jobs in this sector are in high demand and diverse ( 32 , 33 ).…”

Roles of Molecular Structure in the Catalytic Cracking of n‐Heptane, Methylcyclohexane and Cyclopentene over HZSM‐5 Zeolites

“…Social, political and environmental changes significantly influence the role of energy domination and the process of the natural resource. In recent years, there is a decline for the transportation fuels while a tremendous growth for the petrochemicals [1] . The crude‐to‐chemicals process can provide an opportunity for the emerging market for olefins and monomeric hydrocarbons, which will force the scientists and engineers to explore the alternate ways to improve the production of the high‐value chemicals [2,3] .…”

“…In recent years, there is a decline for the transportation fuels while a tremendous growth for the petrochemicals. [1] The crude-tochemicals process can provide an opportunity for the emerging market for olefins and monomeric hydrocarbons, which will force the scientists and engineers to explore the alternate ways to improve the production of the high-value chemicals. [2,3] Currently, the thermal and catalytic cracking are the major technologies to convert crude oil to petrochemicals, and the process design highly depends on the feedstock type and product requirement.…”