Prospective Study of Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Gann, Peter H.; Hennekens, Charles H.; Ma, Jing; Longcope, Christopher; Stampfer, Meir J.

doi:10.1093/jnci/88.16.1118

Cited by 691 publications

(511 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…25,26 Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that prostate carcinogenesis by alcohol is mediated through increased estrogens and decreased androgens and sex hormone-biding globulin. [27][28][29][30][31][32] Results regarding the effect of smoking on prostate cancer have been inconsistent. Our present results showed that smoking decreased the risk of prostate cancer in total subjects, but that this negative association might have been impaired in subjects whose cancer was detected by subjective symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: The Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study

Sawada¹,

Inoue

Iwasaki³

et al. 2013

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Although alcohol and smoking have not been established as risk factors for prostate cancer, they are important risk factors for other human cancers and potentially major avoidable factors. Alcohol drinkers and smokers might be less likely to get screening, which might lead to attenuation of the positive association. Here, we investigated the association of alcohol drinking and smoking and prostate cancer according to stage, as well as prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms, in a large prospective study among Japanese men. The Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study (JPHC study) was established in 1990 for Cohort I and in 1993 for Cohort II. Subjects were 48,218 men aged 40-69 years who completed a questionnaire, which included their alcohol and smoking habits at baseline, and who were followed until the end of 2010. During 16 years of follow-up, 913 men were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer; of whom 248 had advanced cases, 635 were organlocalized and 30 were of an undetermined stage. Alcohol consumption was dose-dependently associated with advanced prostate cancer [nondrinkers: reference, 0-150 g=week: hazard ratio (HR) 5 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5 0.83-1.82; 150-300 g=week: HR 5 1.51, 95% CI 5 1.04-2.19; 300 g=week: HR 5 1.41, 95% CI 5 0.97-2.05, p for trend 5 0.02]. The positive association was not substantially changed among cancers detected by subjective symptoms. Smoking was inversely associated with prostate cancer among total subjects, but tended to increase the risk of advanced prostate cancer detected by subjective symptoms. In conclusion, abstinence from alcohol and prohibition of smoking might be important factors in the prevention of advanced prostate cancer.Alcohol and smoking are important risk factors for human cancers and potentially major avoidable factors. The report by the World Cancer Research Fund=American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF=AICR) on nutrition, physical activity and cancer concluded that the data were too limited to determine an association between alcohol and prostate cancer. 1 Further, a recent meta-analysis of 50 case-control and 22 cohort studies concluded that there was no evidence of a material association between alcohol drinking and prostate cancer. 2 However, questions remain about the effects of alcohol use at higher intake. Given that the proportion of heavy drinkers has been increasing for decades in Japan, 3 research in Japan might help answer these unsolved questions. Moreover, the effects of alcohol in different histological grades of prostate cancer are also controversial. It is possible that previous studies were affected by detection bias associated with screening, such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, which would mask an association if alcohol drinkers were less likely to get screening.With regard to tobacco, the International Agency for Research on Cancer does not consider prostate cancer to be tobacco-related. 4 A recent meta-analysis of 24 prospective cohort studies showed no increased risk of incident pros...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: The Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study

Sawada¹,

Inoue

Iwasaki³

et al. 2013

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…The possible effects of physiologic sex steroids have been demonstrated in the progression of breast and prostate cancers. [33][34][35][36][37] Physiologic steroid hormones can also affect systemic organs. Thus, the results of the current study indicate that physiologic GCs may also play a role in the inhibition of tumorigenesis of thymic epithelial tumors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroid receptor expression in thymomas and thymic carcinomas

Mimae

Tsuta

Takahashi

et al. 2011

Cancer

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BACKGROUND: Although protein expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), estrogen receptors (ERa and ERb), progesterone receptor A (PgR-A), and androgen receptor (AR) were shown to play roles in the growth and differentiation of normal thymus and thymic tumors, to the authors' knowledge their association with patient characteristics and prognosis has yet to be determined. METHODS: A series of 140 thymic epithelial tumors (57 type A þ AB thymomas, 40 type B1 þ B2 thymomas, 6 type B3 thymomas, and 37 thymic carcinomas) were examined for GR, ERa, ERb, PgR-A, and AR expression using immunohistochemistry. In addition, the correlation between expression of these hormone receptors and clinicopathologic factors and overall survival (OS) was assessed. RESULTS: GR and ERb demonstrated a high rate of expression in thymomas and thymic carcinomas (82.9% and 76.4%, respectively), whereas rates of ERa, PgR-A, and AR expression were low (13.6%, 0.71%, and 23.6%, respectively). A significant correlation (P < .05) was found between ERa expression and tumor size and between ERb expression and tumor stage. Multivariate analyses revealed that histologic subtype (P ¼ .0039), tumor stage (P ¼ .0012), and GR expression (P ¼ .0025) were significantly correlated with the 10-year OS rate. CONCLUSIONS: GR and ERb demonstrated high rates of expression in thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that GR expression was associated with better prognosis in patients with surgically resected thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Cancer 2011;117:4396-

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“…First, high levels of bioavailable testosterone has been associated with increased risk of prostate cancer (Gann et al, 1996;. Several studies have reported lower levels of free testosterone (Tikkanen et al, 1998;Tymchuk et al, 2001) in athletically trained men relative to untrained men and immediately after exercise (Nindl et al, 2001) as well as increased levels of sex hormone binding globuline (SHBG) immediately after exercise in older men (Zmuda et al, 1996) and after an exercise programme (Caballero et al, 1992;Tymchuk et al, 1998).…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational physical activity and risk for prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort study in Sweden

et al. 2002

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We investigated effects of occupational physical activity on relative risk for prostate cancer. From Swedish nationwide censuses in 1960 and 1970, we defined two cohorts of men whose occupational titles allowed classification of physical activity levels at work in 1960 (n=1 348 971) and in 1970 (n=1 377 629). A third cohort included only men whose jobs required a similar level of physical activity in both 1960 and 1970 (n=673 443). The incidence of prostate cancer between 1971 and 1989 was ascertained through record linkage to the Swedish Cancer Register. A total of 43 836, 28 702, and 19 670 prostate cancers, respectively, occurred in the three cohorts. In all three cohorts, the relative risk for prostate cancer increased with decreasing level of occupational physical activity (P50.001), using Poisson regression. Among men with the same physical activity levels in 1960 and 1970, the rate ratio was 1.11 for men with sedentary jobs as compared with those whose jobs had very high/high activity levels after adjustment for age at follow-up, calendar year of follow-up and place of residence (95% CI 1.05 -1.17; P for trend 50.001). There was no association between occupational activity and prostate cancer mortality. Since we had no data on other potential risk factors the observed associations for both incidence and mortality might have been confounded. Further studies are needed to better understand the potential role of physical activity for prostate cancer. Keywords: prostatic neoplasms; occupational physical activity; exercise; cohort studies; risk factors Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among Swedish men (31.5% of all cancer cases in men in 1999 and incidence rate 159 per 100 000) and the incidence rate has been steadily increasing since the 1960s (The Swedish Cancer Registry, 2001). The causes of prostate cancer are not clearly understood and genetic and environmental/life style factors seem to be important (Ross and Schottenfeld, 1996).Epidemiological studies of physical activity and prostate cancer risk have been inconclusive, but suggest a protective effect with higher levels of activity (Friedenreich and Thune, 2001). The theory is biologically plausible since physical activity may affect serum levels of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and regulate the immune system (Chan et al, 1998b;McTiernan et al, 1998;Friedenreich and Thune, 2001). Moreover, physical activity might alter prostate cancer risk indirectly, by influencing body weight . In a prospective study, both cardiorespiratory fitness and self-reported history of sports activities were inversely related to prostate cancer risk (Oliveria et al, 1996).We used the nationwide, Swedish Cancer-Environment Register 60/70, to assess risk for prostate cancer in relation to occupational physical activity. We focused on men employed in 1960, and in 1970, with special attention given to men with the same level of occupational physical activity at these two assessments 10 years apart. The large number of observed prostate cancer case...

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Prospective Study of Sex Hormone Levels and Risk of Prostate Cancer

Cited by 691 publications

References 29 publications

Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: The Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study

Alcohol and smoking and subsequent risk of prostate cancer in Japanese men: The Japan Public Health Center‐based prospective study

Steroid receptor expression in thymomas and thymic carcinomas

Occupational physical activity and risk for prostate cancer in a nationwide cohort study in Sweden

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