Abstract. In antero-posterior and lateral chest radiographs of patients with cystic fibrosis changes may be observed which reflect underlying lung abnormalities. Increases in lung volume can result in forward bowing of the sternum, diaphragmatic depression and spinal kyphosis. Parenchymal lung changes which are directly or indirectly a consequence of bronchiolar mucus plugging with infection, include mottled shadowing and ring shadowing. Prominence of bronchial line shadows is also commonly seen. Large shadows due to confluent consolidation or collapse may occur. --This paper gives a technique for the systematic evaluation of these changes which are then represented in numerical terms. The method gives repeatable results. The information recorded facilitates comparison of chest radiographs with each other and the comparison of radiological features with clinical and physiological assessments.

OBJECTIVE: Physical activity is hypothesized to reduce the risk of obesity and several other chronic diseases and enhance longevity. However, most of the questionnaires used measure only part of total physical activity, occupational andaor leisuretime activity, which might lead to misclassi®cation of total physical activity level and to dilution of risk estimates. We evaluated the validity and reproducibility of a short self-administered physical activity questionnaire, intended to measure long-term total daily 24 h physical activity. METHOD: The questionnaire included questions on level of physical activity at work, hours per day of walkingabicycling, homeahousehold work, leisure-time activityainactivity and sleeping and was sent twice during one year (winteraspring and late summer). Two 7-day activity records, performed 6 months apart, were used as the reference method. One-hundred and eleven men, aged 44 ± 78, completed the questionnaire and one or two activity records. The physical activity levels were measured as metabolic equivalents (MET)Âhaday. RESULTS: Spearman correlation coef®cient between total daily activity score estimated from the ®rst questionnaire and the records (validity) was 0.56 (deattenuated) and between the ®rst and the second questionnaire (reproducibility) 0.65. Signi®cantly higher validity correlations were observed in men with self-reported body mass index below 26 kgam 2 than in heavier men (r 0.73 vs r 0.39). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that the average total daily physical activity scores can be estimated satisfactorily in men using this simple self-administered questionnaire.

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Background: Despite a large public health interest in physical activity and its role in obesity and other chronic diseases, only a few reports to date have addressed total levels of physical activity in relation to age, body mass, health and other lifestyle factors. Objective: To investigate whether levels of total physical activity among men are associated with age, body mass, self-rated health and other lifestyle factors in a cross-sectional setting. Methods: In a population-based cohort of 33 466 men aged 45 -79 y in central Sweden, we collected information about physical activity through a self-administered questionnaire. Level of total physical activity was assessed quantitatively based on six questions on different activities: work=occupation, housework, walking=bicycling, exercise, inactive leisure time and sleeping. The physical activity levels were measured as metabolic equivalents, MET-h=day. The relation between age, body mass index, smoking, education, marital status and self-rated health, and total physical activity was studied in a cross-sectional analysis, using multivariate regression. Results: Total daily physical activity was decreasing systematically between age 45 and 79 (74.1%, 95% CI 74.6, 73.6). Obese men reported 72.6% (95% CI 73.0, 72.1) lower physical activity than normal weight men. Those with high education had 77.0% (95%CI 77.3, 76.7) lower total physical activity than those with elementary school. Men with self-rated poor health had 711.3% (95%CI 712.1, 710.6) lower physical activity than those reporting very good health. The cross-sectionally observed decrease with age was greatest among obese men (78.7%), current smokers (77.9%), low-educated men (75.6%) and those with poor health (79.8%); the subgroups with very good health reported almost the same level of total physical activity (70.6%) for age 74 -79 as for age 45 -49. Conclusions: The observed decreasing levels of total physical activity with age to large degree depend on health status and other factors. The characterization of subjects with low total physical activity levels is of importance for understanding observed worldwide trends in increasing prevalence of obesity. The better understanding of these phenomena might also facilitate a better planning of public health interventions with messages specifically adjusted for subgroups of population with lower physical activity.