Prospective evaluation of S100A12 and S100A8/A9 (calprotectin) in dogs with sepsis or the systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Abstract

Pattern recognition receptors (e.g., S100A12 or S100A8/A9) hold promise as inflammatory biomarkers. We prospectively determined and compared serum S100A12 and S100A8/A9 concentrations in dogs with sepsis ( n = 11) or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS; n = 8) over a 3-d period with each other, healthy controls ( n = 50), and other clinical and clinicopathologic variables. Serum S100A12 and S100A8/A9 concentrations were significantly higher in dogs with sepsis or SIRS (all p < 0.05) at the time of hospital admission (day 1) compared to healthy controls, with no differences between patient groups. However, septic dogs had significantly lower serum S100A12 concentrations on day 2 and day 3 (both p < 0.05) compared to dogs with SIRS. Likewise, dogs with sepsis had significantly lower S100A8/A9 concentrations on day 2 ( p < 0.05). Neither serum S100A12 nor S100A8/A9 concentrations were associated with survival to discharge. Our results suggest a differential expression of the S100/calgranulins between dogs with sepsis and those with SIRS. Serum S100A12 or S100A8/A9 concentration at the time of hospital admission did not differentiate dogs with sepsis from those with SIRS, but the trend of S100/calgranulin concentrations during the following 24–48 h may be a useful surrogate marker for differentiating sepsis from SIRS.

The prognostic value of procalcitonin in critically ill cases of systematic inflammatory response syndrome in dogs

“…The pathogenesis of sepsis and SIRS causes to involve a complex interplay of factors and dysregulation of immunity. Early diagnosis, differentiation, and prognosis of SIRS help human and veterinary medicine with the use of appropriate treatments (Thames et al 2019 ). In the current study, procalcitonin was evaluated as a prognosis factor in dogs in ICU.…”

S-100 Proteins: Basics and Applications as Biomarkers in Animals with Special Focus on Calgranulins (S100A8, A9, and A12)

“…It is interesting to point out that this mechanism is different from other mediators of innate immunity that are also used as biomarkers of inflammation and innate response such as the acute phase proteins, which are produced mainly by the liver mediated by interleukins, after an inflammatory stimulus [ 101 ]. This could explain why in some cases DAMPs can provide information on cell lesions that do not correlate with other inflammatory markers such as interleukins or acute phase proteins [ 94 , 102 ]. Therefore, acute phase proteins and calgranulins could be considered biomarkers that could provide complementary information about inflammation and innate immunity.…”

“…In animals, species-specific assays have been used in different species such as dogs for the measurement of S100A8/A9 [ 102 ] and S100A12 [ 118 ] and cats for S100A12 [ 119 ]. In addition, a human turbidimetric immunoassay has been validated for the measurement of calprotectin in the saliva of pigs [ 120 ] and horses [ 121 ], and also in feces of dogs and cats [ 122 ] and pigs [ 123 ].…”

Changes in S100A8/A9 and S100A12 and Their Comparison with Other Analytes in the Saliva of Pigs with Diarrhea Due to E. coli

“…The calgranulins, which includes S100A8 (calgranulin A) and S100A9 (calgranulin B) that together form a heterodimer known as S100A8/A9 or calprotectin, and S100A12 (calgranulin C), are especially related with different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] and are considered as biomarkers of interest in humans [ 6 ]. In many studies performed in humans, a profile including S100A8/A9 and S100A12 is studied.…”