Changes in S100A8/A9 and S100A12 and Their Comparison with Other Analytes in the Saliva of Pigs with Diarrhea Due to E. coli

Abstract

The family of calgranulins includes S100A8 (calgranulin A), S100A9 (calgranulin B), which can appear as a heterodimer known as S100A8/A9 or calprotectin, and S100A12 (calgranulin C). These proteins are related to different inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis and are considered biomarkers of potential interest. This study aims to evaluate if S100A8/A9 and A12 could change in pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli and to compare the changes of S100A8/A9 and A12 with other analytes in order to explore the possible causes or mechanisms involved. For this purpose, a panel integrated by analytes related to inflammation (haptoglobin, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor 4 (ITIH4), and total protein); immune system (adenosine deaminase, ADA); stress (alpha-amylase); tissue damage (lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)); sepsis (aldolase) and redox status (ferric-reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP)) was evaluated. S100A8/A9 and A12 and the other analytes measured in this study showed increases in the saliva of pigs with diarrhea due to E. coli. S100A8/A9 and/or A12 showed a significant correlation of different magnitude with some of the other analytes evaluated. Further studies should be conducted to gain knowledge about the possible practical applications as biomarkers of the measurements of S100A8/A9 and A12 in the saliva of pigs.

Welfare Assessment in Pigs Using the Salivary Proteome

“…Salivary biomarker concentrations can be analyzed using different techniques. The most frequently used methods include antibody-based techniques like ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), TR-IFMA (Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay), and alphaLISA ® (Perkin Elmer, Malines, Belgium) [ 36 , 37 , 38 ], enzymatic assays for enzymes like α-amylase and adenosine deaminase [ 39 ], and proteomic approaches like HPLC, gel-based or liquid-based separation followed by MS/MS [ 40 ]. Although all these techniques have the same purpose, namely determining the quantity of a molecule in a biological sample, some variation in outcome between the different techniques is possible.…”

“…Additionally, discoloration of the sample may also impact spectrophotometric methods [ 41 , 55 , 56 ]. Some researchers report that sampling was postponed if animals ate or drank at the scheduled time since these acts might muddle the samples [ 38 ]. Oral rinsing before saliva collection therefore seems beneficial [ 55 ].…”

Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status

“…Ortin-Bustillo et al have shown that the levels of certain proteins such as S100A8/A9 and/or A12 are significantly increased in pigs with diarrhea infected by Escherichia coli. These proteins are typically associated with various inflammatory conditions, immune-mediated diseases, and sepsis, and are considered as potential and interesting biomarkers [8]. The activity levels of adenosine deaminase (ADA) are significantly elevated in the saliva of animals with localized inflammation, gastrointestinal diseases, and respiratory system diseases [9].…”