Prospecting prebiotics, innovative evaluation methods, and their health applications: a review

Abstract

Prebiotics are necessary natural and synthetic food ingredients that help in the growth and development of gut microflora. There is a complex relationship between gut dysbiosis and microbes, so alteration in both probiotics and prebiotics can reduce illness of gut, which further plays a decisive role in human health. The prebiotic efficiency can be validated using various in vitro and in vivo experiments, and this gives an important insight to this field. This review focuses on these aspects including the standardized assessment of prebiotics and its metabolic products for customary applications. This review has also summarized the mechanism of their beneficial actions such as immunomodulation, nutrient absorption, pathogen inhibition, etc., and its significance in human nutrition. In addition to this, some fascinating applications of prebiotics in health-related disorders have also discussed, with current challenges in this facet.

The Effectiveness of Chocolate in Reducing the Number of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Colonies in Rattus norvegicus

“…3.000 0.000 5.000 0.000 Prebiotics in chocolate originate from natural ingredients, such as milk, cocoa and nuts or from synthetic ingredients administered directly to chocolate. Oligosaccharides such as inulin, FOS, GOS, soybean-oligosaccharide (SOS), lactulose, lactosucrose, xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS), isomalto-oligosaccharides (IOS) and resistant starch (Vinayak, et al, 2021) possess low molecular weight and cannot be digested by humans due to the absence of enzymes catalyzing them, but can be utilized by healthy microbes (probiotics) in the digestive tract (Al-Sheraji, et al, 2013;Khangwal & Shukla, 2019;Quigley, 2019;Vinayak, et al, 2021). Dominant probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria are able to ferment prebiotics and generate SCFA such as butyric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid and propionic acid (Ahmad & Khalid, 2018;Vinayak, et al, 2021) associated with the increased function of mineral absorption, digestion, glucose regulation, and lipid metabolism (Sarao, & Arora, 2017).…”

Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases

“…They also improve lipid metabolism, which then enhances the absorption of calcium ions that further positively influence bowel and immunological activities [ 181 ]. Numerous trials have been conducted on fish to assess the mechanistic action of prebiotics [ 5 ]. Specific prebiotics, such as malto-oligosaccharides, GOS, and β-glucans, have been fed to Channastriata fingerlings to investigate the effect on their growth, digestibility of nutritional components, regulatory genes of the immune system, and retention properties [ 182 ].…”

“…Some common prebiotics, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), guar gum, galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and inulin, are available on the market, whereas hydrolysed xylan prebiotic products, such as xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are still in the development stage. Because of the health benefits of prebiotics, many pharmaceutical industries have gained interest in using prebiotics and have started manufacturing them at a cost-effective ratio [ 5 ]. Nowadays, a synthetic approach involving enzymatic digestion is predominantly used for the synthesis of high-quality prebiotics.…”

An Updated Overview on Nanonutraceuticals: Focus on Nanoprebiotics and Nanoprobiotics

“…Prebiotics have been reported to have different activities; for example, generation of bacteriocins, maintenance of gut health [133], possibility to be used as food additive and starter culture, clearance of cholesterol [134,135], potentiation of immune defense [136], inhibition of constipation and risk of obesity [137,138], inhibition of colitis [139], protection of colon and other organs against cancer [140][141][142], reduction of cardiovascular disease risk factors, antioxidant activity [143,144], over-bioavailability [145]. According to scientific published data, the administration of oligofructose-enriched inulin (OEI) promotes malondialdehyde content, lipid profile, glycemic indices, and antioxidant level in female patients suffering from type II diabetes [146].…”