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Prebiotics are either natural or synthetic non-digestible (non-)carbohydrate substances that boost the proliferation of gut microbes. Undigested fructooligosaccharides in the large intestine are utilised by the beneficial microorganisms for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids for their own growth. Although various food products are now recognized as having prebiotic properties, several others, such as almonds, artichoke, barley, chia seeds, chicory, dandelion greens, flaxseeds, garlic, and oats, are being explored and used as functional foods. Considering the benefits of these prebiotics in mineral absorption, metabolite production, gut microbiota modulation, and in various diseases such as diabetes, allergy, metabolic disorders, and necrotising enterocolitis, increasing attention has been focused on their applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries, although some of these food products are actually used as food supplements. This review aims to highlight the potential and need of these prebiotics in the diet and also discusses data related to the distinct types, sources, modes of action, and health benefits.

Skin is not a preferred target organ for cancer metastasis, nevertheless involvement of skin by metastatic deposits is a poor prognostic sign. It usually results from lymphatic embolization, hematogenous or contiguous spread and also by iatrogenic implantation of malignant cells following surgical procedures. Breast carcinoma is the second most common cancer in women and the most common tumor leading to the appearance of skin metastasis. Cutaneous metastasis from breast carcinoma has variety of clinicopathological features which usually create a dilemma for primary care clinicians as well as dermatologists. Therefore, a high index of suspicion along with detailed history, proper clinical examination and cytological or histopathological confirmation is required to make its definite diagnosis and to improve the outcome of such patients. We describe a case of a 50-year-old Indian woman, who presented with a solitary nodular lesion on the anterior chest wall which was initially clinically diagnosed as an infected sebaceous cyst but later on turned out to be a case of cutaneous metastasis from an asymptomatic and neglected left breast carcinoma.

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Over the last decade, research has been conducted towards the uses and properties of donkey milk that has distinct chemical composition and consequently particularly nutritional properties. It is interesting to determine antioxidant potential of indigenous Halari and French Poitu donkey milk by using the total antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. These methods are reliable, fast and with sound methodological infrastructures. The objective of the present research was to investigate the applicability of the trolox based total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay for identification of antioxidant potential of Indian Halari donkey milk and French Poitu donkey milk. The donkey milk is quite popular for its anti-aging properties in Western and European countries as cosmetic and nutraceutical preparations. However, in Indian context no such study is conducted on Halari donkey milk. The Indian Halari donkeys are untapped resource for their dairy potential. Our results showed that the whole milk of Halari donkey is at par with French Poitu donkey milk in terms of their antioxidative potential.