Properties improvement of titanium alloys scaffolds in bone tissue engineering: a literature review

Abstract

Owing to their excellent biocompatibility and corrosion-resistant properties, titanium (Ti) (and its alloy) are essential artificial substitute biomaterials for orthopedics. However, flaws, such as weak osteogenic induction ability and higher Young's modulus, have been observed during clinical application. As a result, short-and long-term postoperative follow-up has found that several complications have occurred.For decades, scientists have exerted efforts to compensate for these deficiencies. Different modification methods have been investigated, including changing alloy contents, surface structure transformation, threedimensional (3D) structure transformation, coating, and surface functionalization technologies. The cellsurface interaction effect and imitation of the natural 3D bone structure are the two main mechanisms of these improved methods. In recent years, significant progress has been made in materials science research methods, including thorough research of titanium alloys of different compositions, precise surface pattern control technology, controllable 3D structure construction technology, improvement of coating technologies, and novel concepts of surface functionalization. These improvements facilitate the possibility for further research in the field of bone tissue engineering. Although the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood, these studies still have some implications for clinical practice. Therefore, for the direction of further research, it is beneficial to summarize these studies according to the basal method used. This literature review aimed to classify these technologies, thereby providing beginners with a preliminary understanding of the field.

Recent advances and trends in the applications of MXene nanomaterials for tissue engineering and regeneration

“…[108][109][110][111] Owing to the eye-catching biocompatibility of titanium (Ti) and its alloys, they are widely applied in bone tissue engineering. 112 However, the fly in the ointment is that pure Ti lacks the ability to stimulate osteogenesis and mainly relies on mechanical locking with alveolar bone to provide retention. The introduction of coating can change the surface physicochemical properties of implants and enhance and improve the interaction between implants and bone tissue.…”

“…168 cartilage, blood vessels and nerve tissues. 7,112,169 Bioinks, as the material of biological 3D printing technology, play a vital role in this process. Ideal bioinks need to have good bioactivity and formability.…”

“…Osseointegration is constantly influenced by the physicochemical properties of the implant surface 108–111 . Owing to the eye‐catching biocompatibility of titanium (Ti) and its alloys, they are widely applied in bone tissue engineering 112 . However, the fly in the ointment is that pure Ti lacks the ability to stimulate osteogenesis and mainly relies on mechanical locking with alveolar bone to provide retention.…”

Polymeric biomaterials in the treatment of posterior segment diseases

“…Despite the shortfalls of both modalities, innovation in this field has largely been stagnant since the 1970s. Apart from biocompatibility, an endotamponade agent should ideally be: (1) optically clear to allow visual inspection of the retina during follow-ups, (2) easily administered during surgery, (3) exert sufficient surface tension across the retina to allow adequate tamponade of the repaired retina, and (4) biodegradable to avoid a removal surgery. Polymeric hydrogels have the potential to fulfill these criteria through careful polymer selection and various chemical modifications (20-25).…”

A Novel Cell Delivery System Exploiting Synergy between Fresh Titanium and Fibronectin

“…Cells, growth factors, and scaffolds are a necessary triad for tissue engineering. Despite advances in scaffold development and the identification of new growth factors and their genetic manipulation [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], delivering sufficient numbers of cells and maintaining them in areas of interest, regardless of whether for ex vivo tissue engineering or in situ regeneration, has been challenging [ 1 , 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. The effective delivery of stem cells or osteogenic cells derived from bone marrow or other source organs has been investigated in the context of tissue engineering and regeneration [ 12 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”