Propagation of 6-Millimeter Waves

Mueller, Gabi

doi:10.1109/jrproc.1946.234240

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In the 1930s, when radio communication technology was still limited to frequencies below 100 MHz, theoretical calculations already showed that rainfall would "markedly influence the propagation of waves less than 5 cm [6 GHz] in length" (Stratton, 1930). Only several years later, in 1946, the first empirical studies were presented that demonstrated the strong attenuating effect of rainfall in the frequency range from 10 to 50 GHz (Mueller, 1946;Robertson & King, 1946) indicating that "at the 1-cm wavelength, one can expect rather large path losses at the time of heavy or even moderate rains, particularly if the distances are large" (Robertson & King, 1946).…”

Section: Principle Of CML Rainfall Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial microwave link networks for rainfall observation: Assessment of the current status and future challenges

2019

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Accurate observation of the high spatio‐temporal variability of rainfall is crucial for hydrometeorological applications. However, the existing observations from rain gauges and weather radars have individual shortcomings that can introduce considerable errors and uncertainties. A fairly new technique to get additional rainfall information is the usage of the country‐wide commercial microwave link (CML) networks for rainfall estimation by exploiting the measurements of rain‐induced attenuation along these CMLs. This technique has seen an increasing number of applications during the last years. Different methods have been developed to process the noisy raw data and to derive rainfall fields. It has been shown that CMLs can provide important line‐integrated rainfall information that complements pointwise rain gauge and spatial radar observations. There exist several limitations, though. Robustly dealing with the erratic fluctuations of the CML raw data is a challenge, in particular with the growing number of CMLs. How to correctly compensate for the biases from the effect of wet antenna attenuation for different CMLs also remains a crucial research question. Progress is additionally hampered by the lack of method intercomparisons, which in turn is hampered by restricted data sharing. Hence, collaboration is key for further advancements, also with regard to extended interaction with the CML network operators, which is a prerequisite to achieve increased data availability. In regions where rain gauges and weather radars are available, CMLs are a welcome complement. But in developing countries, which are characterized by weak technical infrastructure and which often suffer from water stress, additional rainfall information is a necessity. CMLs could play a crucial role in this respect. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Hydrological Processes Science of Water > Water Extremes Science of Water > Methods

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Section: Principle Of CML Rainfall Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial microwave link networks for rainfall observation: Assessment of the current status and future challenges

2019

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“…This concern was the motive behind intensive research efforts to characterize the response of transmission channels on the signal at different frequency bands during heavy rain seasons. The work of Mueller, Robertson and King, Anderson et al, and Wexler and Weinstein are among the earliest studies conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of RA. Additionally, in early 1990s, two empirical studies were reported in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) and Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Shayea

Nissirat

Nisirat

et al. 2019

Trans Emerging Tel Tech

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The explosive daily dependence on wireless communication services necessitates the research to establish ultrawideband communication systems with ultrahigh bit rate transmission capabilities. The advent of the fifth-generation (5G) microwave link transmitting at millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency band is a promising technology to accommodate the escalating demand for wireless services. In this frequency band, however, the behavior of the transmission channel and its climatic properties are a major concern. This is of particular importance in tropical regions where the climate is mainly rainy with large raindrop size and high rainfall rate that may interact destructively with the propagating signal and cause total attenuation for the signal. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a global rain attenuation model to characterize the effect of rain on the propagating signal at a wideband of frequencies. The validity of this model in tropical regions is still an open question for research. In this paper, real measurements are conducted at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, Malaysia, to investigate the impact of rain on the propagation of mm-waves at 26 GHz over the microwave 5G radio link system. Rainfall rate and rain attenuation data sets are collected for one year at one sample per min sampling rate. Both data sets are used to estimate signal propagation conditions in comparison to the ITU model prediction. From the presented results, it is found that at 0.01% percentage of time and rainfall rate of about 120 mm/hr, the propagated signal would experience 26.2 dB losses per kilometer traveled. In addition, there is a significant deviation between the empirical estimation of the worst month parameters and the ITU worst month parameter prediction. Similarly, rainfall rate and rain attenuation estimated through the ITU model imposes a large deviation as compared with the measurements. Furthermore, more accurate empirical worst month parameters are proposed that yielded more accurate estimation of the worst month rainfall and rain attenuation predictions in comparison to the ITU model predictions. Trans Emerging Tel Tech. 2019;30:e3697. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ett

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“…In the last century, studies of rain attenuation on terrestrial links have been conducted at mm-wave frequencies of various distances and locations. At 0.4 km path length, the rain attenuation was measured in [23] at 48 GHz in New Jersey, United States (US). Researchers in [24] conducted similar measurements at 103 GHz in Japan, and at 120 GHz in [25] and [26].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

et al. 2020

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The high frequencies of millimeter wave (mm-wave) bands have been recognized for the fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication networks. However, the radio propagation channel at high frequencies can be largely influenced by rain attenuation, especially in tropical regions with high rainfall intensity. In this paper, we present the results of rainfall intensity and rain attenuation in tropical regions based on one-year measurement campaign. The measurements were conducted from September 2018 until September 2019 at 21.8 GHz (K-band) and 73.5 GHz (E-band) in Malaysia. The rainfall intensity was collected using three rain gauges installed along a 1.8 km link. The rain attenuation is computed from the difference between the measured minimum received signal level (RSL) during clear sky and rain conditions. The measured rain rate and rain attenuation distributions are then analysed and benchmarked with several previous measurements and well-known prediction models such as the ITU-R P. 530-17. The rainfall rate results showed that the best agreement between the measured rainfall rate in Malaysia and the ITU-R PN.837-1 prediction value for Zone P is up to 0.01% of time (99.99% of time agrees well and only disagrees for 0.01% of time). For the E-band, the maximum measured rain attenuation exceeding 0.03% of the year is around 40.1 and 20 dB for 1.8 and 0.3 km links, respectively, at the maximum rain rate of 108 mm/h. For the K-band, the maximum rain attenuation exceeding 0.01% of the year is around 31 dB for the 1.8 km link. Finally, the rain rates exceeding 108 and 180 mm/h at 73.5 and 21.8 GHz, respectively, along the 1.8 km path caused an outage on our measurement setup. The rain rate of 193 mm/h and above caused an outage for the 0.3 km E-band link. The experimental data as well as the presented data analysis can be utilized for efficient planning and deployments of mm-wave wireless communication systems in tropical regions.

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Propagation of 6-Millimeter Waves

Cited by 22 publications

References 2 publications

Commercial microwave link networks for rainfall observation: Assessment of the current status and future challenges

Commercial microwave link networks for rainfall observation: Assessment of the current status and future challenges

Rain attenuation and worst month statistics verification and modeling for 5G radio link system at 26 GHz in Malaysia

Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

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