Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

Al-Samman, Ahmed M.; Cheffena, Michael; Mohamed, Marshed; Azmi, Marwan Hadri; Ai, Yun

doi:10.1109/access.2020.2979683

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(142 reference statements)

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“…In addition, some parameters of the Tx and Rx have been taken into account from LOS measurements that have been carried out on 5G carrier links [48][49][50][51].…”

Section: Ppt System Parameters and Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems

Shamsan

2020

IEEE Access

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Rain attenuation is the main practical problem that confronts wireless signals specifically when it uses millimeter-waves for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems. In addition, due to that the urban environments are characterized by many high buildings act as diffraction objects can block the signal path and produce non-line of sight (NLOS) situations. These diffraction materials can cause further considerable losses that disturb the received power at the 5G receiver. This paper proposes a new model can investigate the influence of both precipitation and diffraction phenomena on wireless point to point (PPT) communication systems. This new research work utilizes measured rainfall data and actual scenarios in an urban environment to simulate the wireless PPT system and examine the influence of rainfall and knife-edge diffraction (KED) on the performance of the PPT system and signal strength at the receiver. Several durations of exceedances of rain rates and various operation scenarios have been employed to study and analyze the status of 5G wireless system links. The results indicated that there is an exchange of the effect of rain and KED diffraction in the lower millimeter-waves compared to the higher millimeter-waves. This study declares that at higher frequency bands the rain attenuation is observed to be greater, the diffraction loss is higher, and the path loss is also larger compared to the effect of these three factors seen at lower frequency bands. Furthermore, specific carrier frequencies, as in the case of 60 GHz, undergo extra huge atmospheric absorption loss which can diminish the communication coverage of the PPT system link.

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“…In addition, some parameters of the Tx and Rx have been taken into account from LOS measurements that have been carried out on 5G carrier links [48][49][50][51].…”

Section: Ppt System Parameters and Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems

Shamsan

2020

IEEE Access

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“…A simple method of determining the rain rate is to set up an experiment to deploy measuring equipment such as the use of a disdrometer, weather station, and rain gauges that measure the rain rate at lower integration times (⩽1 min intervals), which can be saved in a personal computer with the help of a dedicated data logger [ 2 , 5 , 15 , 16 ]. In some cases, the radar information of the rain cell was used to measure the rain rate.…”

Section: Preliminariesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Technique or Resolution [5] Analyzed millimeter-wave and showed that the ITU-R predicted rainfall rate of region P is up to 0.01% of time (agrees → 99.99% of time and disagrees → 0.01% of time).…”

Section: Refmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some studies, attenuation because of rain was reported at even lower frequencies, such as 5 GHz [3] and 7 GHz [4]. Many rain attenuation models have been proposed in the literature, and researchers have attempted to improve existing models to fit with local climatic conditions [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The accurate estimation of attenuation because of rain in a specific radio link is essential for planning the link budget, maintaining the link quality, and designing the system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Survey of Rain Attenuation Prediction Models for Terrestrial Links—Current Research Challenges and State-of-the-Art

Samad

Diba

Choi

2021

Sensors

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Millimeter-wave (30–300 GHz) frequency is a promising candidate for 5G and beyond wireless networks, but atmospheric elements limit radio links at this frequency band. Rainfall is the significant atmospheric element that causes attenuation in the propagated wave, which needs to estimate for the proper operation of fade mitigation technique (FMT). Many models have been proposed in the literature to estimate rain attenuation. Various models have a distinct set of input parameters along with separate estimation mechanisms. This survey has garnered multiple techniques that can generate input dataset for the rain attenuation models. This study extensively investigates the existing terrestrial rain attenuation models. There is no survey of terrestrial rain mitigation models to the best of our knowledge. In this article, the requirements of this survey are first discussed, with various dataset developing techniques. The terrestrial links models are classified, and subsequently, qualitative and quantitative analyses among these terrestrial rain attenuation models are tabulated. Also, a set of error performance evaluation techniques is introduced. Moreover, there is a discussion of open research problems and challenges, especially the exigency for developing a rain attenuation model for the short-ranged link in the E-band for 5G and beyond networks.

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“…Owing to the strong relationship between rainfall rate and rain attenuation, recent studies have demonstrated the application of rainfall attenuation links in predicting rainfall rate [19]- [21]. Numerous fade estimation models have been developed by researchers to evaluate rainfall attenuation over different regions of the world [22]- [24]. The most famous and preferred model used in various regions is the distance factor developed by ITU-R [14].…”

Section: Selected Existing Rain Fading Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Rain on Terrestrial Links at K, Ka and E-Bands in South Korea: Based on Supervised Learning

2021

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At the rise of the fourth industrial revolution, artificial intelligence (AI), along with key enabling technologies such as millimeter waves (mm-waves) can be used to launch the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond communication links. However, the quality of radio links at higher frequency bands is limited by atmospheric elements. Among others, rainfall is the major propagation impairment at millimetric wave bands, which needs to be considered during the link budget planning. In this study, we investigated the rain attenuation results obtained from experimental data, existing models, and proposed supervised artificial neural network (SANN) at K, Ka, and E-bands, respectively, for terrestrial links in South Korea. The measurement campaigns were between Incheon, National Radio Research Agency (RRA) tower station, to the EMS Dongyoksang tower station operating at 75 GHz over a 100-m path length, and between Incheon, RRA tower station to Khumdang, Korea Telecom (KT) tower station, operating at 18 and 38 GHz over a 3.2km path length. The three-year rainfall and received signal level data measurements over these paths were used to determine rain attenuation distributions at different percentages of exceedance time distribution. Additionally, three existing attenuation models, ITU-R 530.17, Lin, and Revised Silva Mello (RSM) models were compared with measured rain attenuation. Our results indicate that these models did not correspond with measured results. Therefore, in this research, we proposed a supervised learning-based attenuation prediction method, which provides better performance than existing models. Furthermore, we validated our proposed model with measured received-signal level and rainfall data at the above-mentioned operating frequencies.INDEX TERMS Artificial neural network, millimeter wave, rain attenuation, South Korea, terrestrial links I. INTRODUCTION

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Statistical Analysis of Rain at Millimeter Waves in Tropical Area

Cited by 30 publications

References 118 publications

Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems

Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems

A Survey of Rain Attenuation Prediction Models for Terrestrial Links—Current Research Challenges and State-of-the-Art

The Effects of Rain on Terrestrial Links at K, Ka and E-Bands in South Korea: Based on Supervised Learning

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