Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems

Shamsan, Zaid A.

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3040624

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For heavy rain, a 0.001% outage probability corresponds to 50 mm/h [ 69 ]. The rain attenuation measurements we presented in [ 70 ] for light rain are consistent with the values reported in the ITU-P 530-16 838 [ 71 , 72 , 73 ]. In addition, the heavy rain values tend to differ in different regions; the attenuation value for western Europe is reported to be slightly higher than in other areas, particularly in fixed wireless links [ 74 ].…”

Section: Evaluation Frameworksupporting

confidence: 86%

Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium

Castellanos

Beelde

David

et al. 2023

Sensors

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Fixed wireless access (FWA) provides a solution to compete with fiber deployment while offering reduced costs by using the mmWave bands, including the unlicensed 60 GHz one. This paper evaluates the deployment of FWA networks in the 60 GHz band in realistic urban and rural environment in Belgium. We developed a network planning tool that includes novel backhaul based on the IEEE 802.11ay standard with multi-objective capabilities to maximise the user coverage, providing at least 1 Gbps of bit rate while minimising the required network infrastructure. We evaluate diverse serving node locations, called edge nodes (EN), and the impact of environmental factors such as rain and vegetation on the network design. Extensive simulation results show that defining a proper EN’s location is essential to achieve viable user coverage higher than 95%, particularly in urban scenarios where street canyons affect propagation. Rural scenarios require nearly 75 ENs per km2 while urban scenarios require four times (300 ENs per km2) this infrastructure. Finally, vegetation can reduce the coverage by 3% or increment infrastructure up to 7%, while heavy rain can reduce coverage by 5% or increment infrastructure by 15%, depending on the node deployment strategy implemented.

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Section: Evaluation Frameworksupporting

confidence: 86%

Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium

Castellanos

Beelde

David

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…Multiple models are available for predicting attenuation due to rain [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. We used the recommendation from the ITU, which predicts the specific attenuation

in dB/km via ( 3 ), with R the rain rate in mm/h and k and

frequency-dependent coefficients that are derived via a scattering analysis [ 46 ].…”

Section: Background Theory and Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications

Beelde

Vantorre

Castellanos

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The large bandwidths that are available at millimeter-wave frequencies enable fixed wireless access (FWA) applications, in which fixed point-to-point wireless links are used to provide internet connectivity. In FWA networks, a wireless mesh is created and data are routed from the customer premises equipment (CPE) towards the point of presence (POP), which is the interface with the wired internet infrastructure. The performance of the wireless links depends on the radio propagation characteristics, as well as the wireless technology that is used. The radio propagation characteristics depend on the environment and on the considered frequency. In this work, we analyzed the network characteristics of FWA networks using radio propagation models for different wireless technologies using millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies of 28 GHz, 60 GHz, and 140 GHz. Different scenarios and environments were considered, and the influence of rain, vegetation, and the number of subscribers was investigated. A network planning algorithm is presented that defines a route for each CPE towards the POP based on a predefined location of customer devices and considering the available capacity of the wireless links. Rain does not have a considerable effect on the system capacity. Even though the higher frequencies exhibit a larger path loss, resulting in a lower power of the received signal, the larger bandwidths enable a higher channel capacity.

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“…For LoS links, expressions ( 24) and ( 25) can be directly applied. However, the calculation of the rain attenuation in non-lineof-sight (NLoS) rays must consider the characteristics of each individual path [61]. For this, consider an arbitrary ray that is traced by N p paths.…”

Section: A Rain Attenuation Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and Spectral Efficiencies of Cell-Free Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems Under Rain Attenuation Based on Ray Tracing Simulations

Silva

Alencar³

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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Future wireless communication systems depend on the network's ultra-densification, on the application of massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) techniques and on the use of higher frequency bands to satisfy the ever-increasing demands for capacity. The operation of cell-free (CF) networks in the millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum combines those principles, because they are composed of multiple access points (APs) distributed over a geographic region which serve a small number of users. Despite the extensive available bandwidth, the mmWave spectrum imposes high path losses and significant atmospheric molecular absorption to the links. In addition, in this frequency range, rain attenuation can notably degrade communications. Therefore, this article presents a study of the impact of rain attenuation on CF networks operating in the mmWave spectrum, this is in the 26 GHz, 38 GHz and 73 GHz frequency bands, based on site-specific ray tracing simulations. The propagation simulation is characterized under the effects of reflection, diffraction, diffuse scattering, atmospheric molecular absorption, vegetation losses and rain attenuation. The channel model is characterized using a hybrid approach, with the large-scale parameters determined by ray tracing in an environment subject to random Rician small-scale fading. The system performance is measured by the sum spectral efficiency (SSE) and energy efficiency (EE). According to the results, it was observed that AP densification protects the network against the effect of rain attenuation. Furthermore, even in sparse networks, the CF system has low sensitivity with respect to the precipitation rate, resulting in relatively small reductions in the average SSE and EE.INDEX TERMS Cell-free, energy efficiency, massive MIMO, millimeter wave, rain attenuation, ray tracing, spectral efficiency.

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Rainfall and Diffraction Modeling for Millimeter-Wave Wireless Fixed Systems

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium

Evaluating 60 GHz FWA Deployments for Urban and Rural Environments in Belgium

MmWave Physical Layer Network Modeling and Planning for Fixed Wireless Access Applications

Energy and Spectral Efficiencies of Cell-Free Millimeter-Wave Massive MIMO Systems Under Rain Attenuation Based on Ray Tracing Simulations

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