This paper presents the analysis of a channel sounding campaign in the hull of a bulk carrier vessel at sub-6 GHz frequencies 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz and 5.25 GHz as well as mmWave frequency 60.48 GHz. For the sub-6 GHz frequencies, path loss (PL) is measured using omnidirectional antennas. The measured PL is fitted to a one-slope PL model that takes into account attenuation due to engine room floor crossings, obstructions and walls. The fitted model has a reference PL lower than free space and a PL exponent around 1.2. For mmWave wireless communication high gain directive antennas are typically used. Therefore, the directive radio channel for Line-of-Sight (LOS) communication is measured using the Terragraph channel sounder and an antenna beam width dependent PL model is created. At mmWave frequencies, LOS PL in the vessel is close to PL in a free space environment, but angular spread values are lower compared to other indoor scenarios.
This paper presents the results of a mmWave channel sounding campaign in a bulk carrier vessel. Using the Terragraph channel sounder, we measured path loss at 60.48 GHz for different separations between the transmit and receiving nodes in the engine room and steering control room of the vessel. The path loss at reference distance 1.5 m is 74.6 dB, which is higher than the free space path loss, whereas the path loss exponent of 1.7 is lower than in free space. The one-slope path loss model is used to estimate throughput via link budget calculations, which shows that 60 GHz propagation realizes high data rate communication in the engine room of a vessel if the Line-of-Sight path is not obstructed. Due to the highly metallic nature of the propagation environment, reflections make communication possible in an obstructed Lineof-Sight configuration, but there is no clear distance relationship.
Wireless connectivity has been realized for multiple environments and different frequency bands. However, little research exists about mmWave communication in industrial environments. This paper presents the 60 GHz double-directional radio channel for mmWave communication in a ship hull for Line-of-Sight (LOS) and non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) conditions. We performed channel measurements using the Terragraph channel sounder at different locations in the ship hull and fitted LOS path loss to a one-slope path loss model. Path loss and root-mean-square delay spread of the LOS path is compared to the reflected path with lowest path loss. NLOS communication via this first-order reflected path is modeled by calculating the path distance and determining the reflection loss. The reflection losses have a considerable contribution to the signal attenuation of the reflected path. The channel models are implemented in an indoor coverage prediction tool, which was extended with a ray launching algorithm and validated by comparison with an analytical electromagnetic solver. The results show that the mmWave radio channel allows high-throughput communication within a ship hull compartment, even when no LOS path between the transmitter and receiver is present.
According to the Shannon capacity theorem, the large bandwidths that are available in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency bands enable high-throughput wireless communication. Indoor applications include high-throughput access points for video streaming, gaming, and virtual and augmented reality, as well as wireless hubs and board-to-board interconnections in server rooms. Outdoors, cellular systems benefit from the increased bandwidth, for example, in fifth-generation (5G) and future sixth-generation mobile networks. Another application for outdoor wireless communication at mmWave frequencies is fixed wireless access (FWA), in which fixed point-to-point wireless links provide internet connectivity to residential and enterprise buildings. FWA can be a cheaper alternative than deploying a fiber-optic network, as no digging is required and the infrastructure work is limited (Ioannou et al., 2020).Reliable wireless channel models are critical for the design of wireless systems. Numerous indoor radio channel models at 60 GHz exist, and an overview of indoor mmWave channel models is provided in Al-Saman et al. (2021). Indoor channel measurements at 60 GHz for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications are presented in Moraitis and Constantinou (2004), and the IEEE Std. 802.11ad wireless standard is designed for communication at 60 GHz, using channels with a bandwidth of 2.16 GHz (IEEE 802.11ad, 2012). In Zhou et al. ( 2017), good agreement is found between indoor measurements and ray-tracing simulations using geometrical optics and the uniform theory of diffraction. A statistical spatio-temporal model for large indoor environments shows that Line-of-Sight (LOS) paths and specular reflections are dominant over diffuse scattering (Haneda et al., 2015). Channel measurements at 60 GHz in an office environment are presented in de Jong et al. (2018), Dupleich et al. (2014), Maltsev et al. (2009), and Wu et al. (2017. A 60 GHz conference room channel model is provided in Maltsev et al. (2010). In He et al. (2018), a train environment is considered, and channel models for a data center environment are presented in Gentile et al. (2018) andZaaimia et al. (2016). In a hospital environment, lower path loss (PL) and delay spread values are found, compared to other indoor environments (Kyrö et al., 2011). The influence of human activity on the 60 GHz indoor radio channel is discussed in Collonge et al. (2004), and a human blockage model is provided in Jacob et al. (2011Jacob et al. ( , 2013. Indoor reflection and transmission measurements at various mmWave frequency bands are presented in Xing et al. (2019). Penetration loss measurements at 73 GHz are presented in Ryan et al. (2017). Reflection and transmission measurements of interior structures of office buildings are presented in Sato et al. (1997). Penetration and reflection loss measurements at frequencies 60, 71, and 81 GHz are studied in Khatun et al. (2021). The estimation of material characteristics at 60 GHz from
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