Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals?

Abstract

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is one of the most effective reperfusion strategies for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) despite myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, causing one of the causes of most cardiomyocyte injuries and deaths. The pathological processes of myocardial I/R injury include apoptosis, autophagy, and irreversible cell death caused by calcium overload, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Eventually, myocardial I/R injury causes a spike of further cardiomyocyte injury that contributes to final infarct size (IS) and bound with hospitalization of heart failure as well as all-cause mortality within the following 12 months. Therefore, the addition of adjuvant intervention to improve myocardial salvage and cardiac function calls for further investigation. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive bioactive secondary compounds abundantly found in Chinese herbal medicine. Great effort has been put into phytochemicals because they are often in line with the expectations to improve myocardial I/R injury without compromising the clinical efficacy or to even produce synergy. We summarized the previous efforts, briefly outlined the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury, and focused on exploring the cardioprotective effects and potential mechanisms of all phytochemical types that have been investigated under myocardial I/R injury. Phytochemicals deserve to be utilized as promising therapeutic candidates for further development and research on combating myocardial I/R injury. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of myocardial I/R injury treatment using phytochemicals and possible side effects associated with this approach.

Targeting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytochemicals

“…In recent years, several phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants have been studied owing to their low cost, wide availability, and diverse biological activities. Owing to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, phytochemicals have been used to treat several diseases, such as myocardial ischemia, traumatic brain injury, osteoarthritis, and cancer ( Cai et al, 2021 ; Deng et al, 2021 ; Tian et al, 2021 ; Chen C. et al, 2022 ). Several in vivo and in vitro experiments ( Zhu et al, 2020 ; Chen et al, 2021 ) have shown that phytochemicals can play a protective role against IDD by targeting inflammation and oxidative stress.…”

Non-Coding RNAs: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment in Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

“…The difference between I/R and AMI in terms of the ncRNA profile depends on the stage of the disease, because ncRNA expression could change. Furthermore, while the ischemic area expands according to the duration and severity of blood flow reduction, maximum reperfusion is achieved in a moderate ischemic injury [ 4 , 6 , 7 ].…”

“…Recent research revealed that there are consistent changes in various groups of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including miRs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) [ 2 ], and circular RNAs (circRNAs) associated with cardiac infarction, thus indicating that these molecules may exacerbate or attenuate myocardial damage due to I/R [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

“…In the last decade, the development of high-throughput techniques in sequencing technology allowed a better understanding of the complexity of the human transcriptome by showing that the non-coding portion of the genome plays a more significant role in human pathology [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, the human genome is transcribed into various classes of functional non-coding RNAs that are powerful regulators of a multitude of cellular and pathological processes [ 7 ].…”

Treatment of Oral Cancer by a Synthetic Analogue of Capsaicin & TRPV1 Antagonist: Capsazepine

“…By preventing STAT3 activity, capsazepine was found to significantly increase apoptosis in DU145 and PC-3 prostate cells. 12,16 According to studies, capsazepine exhibits pleiotropic anti-cancer actions on a variety of tumor cell lines, including those from ovarian, breast, colon, mouth, and osteosarcoma cancers. 12,17 Based on data from clinical studies, the current research focuses on capsazepine's potential involvement in the treatment of oral cancer.…”